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PowerPedia:Inductance circuit

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Inductance circuit (eg., L circuit) is an electrical network inwhich the electrical elements is primarily composed of inductors. They can both be basically simplified into power source(s) and wire(s). An electrical inductance circuit is a network that has a closed loop and, via an amount of magnetic flux surrounding the circuit, produces a given electric current. The amount of magnetic flux produced by a current depends upon the permeability of the medium surrounded by the current, the area inside the coil, and the number of turns. The greater the permeability, the greater the magnetic flux generated by a given current. Certain (ferromagnetic) materials have much higher permeability than air. If a conductor (wire) is wound around such a material, the magnetic flux becomes much greater and the inductance becomes much greater than the inductance of an identical coil wound in air.

Coupled inductors

When the magnetic flux produced by an inductor links another inductor, these inductors are said to be coupled. Coupling is often undesired but in many cases, this coupling is intentional and is the basis of the Transformer. When inductors are coupled, there exists a mutual inductance that relates the current in one inductor to the flux linkage in the other inductor. Thus, there are three inductances defined for coupled inductors:

:L_{11} - the self inductance of inductor 1

:L_{22} - the self inductance of inductor 2

:L_{12} = L_{21} - the mutual inductance associated with both inductors

When either side of the transformer is a There was an error working with the wiki: Code[14], the amount of mutual inductance between the two windings determines the shape of the frequency response curve. Although no boundaries are defined, this is often referred to as loose-, critical-, and over-coupling. When two tuned circuits are loosely coupled through mutual inductance, the bandwidth will be narrow. As the amount of mutual inductance increases, the bandwidth continues to grow. When the mutual inductance is increased beyond a critical point, the peak in the response curve begins to drop, and the center frequency will be attenuated more strongly than its direct sidebands. This is known as overcoupling.

Vector field theory

Mutual inductance

Mutual inductance is the concept that the current through one inductor can induce a voltage in another nearby inductor. It is important as the mechanism by which Transformers work, but it can also cause unwanted coupling between conductors in a circuit.

The mutual inductance, M, is also a measure of the coupling between two inductors. The mutual inductance by circuit i on circuit j is given by the double integral There was an error working with the wiki: Code[15] formula

: M_{ij} = \frac{\mu_0}{4\pi} \oint_{C_i}\oint_{C_j} \frac{{ds}_i\cdot{ds}_j}{|{R}_{ij}|}

See a There was an error working with the wiki: Code[1].

The mutual inductance also has the relationship:

:M_{21} = N_1 N_2 P_{21} \!

where

:M_{21} is the mutual inductance, and the subscript specifies the relationship of the voltage induced in coil 2 to the current in coil 1.

:N_1 is the number of turns in coil 1,

:N_2 is the number of turns in coil 2,

:P_{21} is the There was an error working with the wiki: Code[16] of the space occupied by the flux.

The mutual inductance also has a relationship with the coefficient of coupling. The coefficient of coupling is always between 1 and 0, and is a convenient way to specify the relationship between a certain orientation of inductor with arbitrary inductance:

:M = k \sqrt{L_1 L_2} \!

where

:k is the coefficient of coupling and 0 ? k ? 1,

:L_1 is the inductance of the first coil, and

:L_2 is the inductance of the second coil.

Once this mutual inductance factor M is determined, it can be used to predict the behavior of a circuit:

: V = L_1 \frac{dI_1}{dt} + M \frac{dI_2}{dt}

where

:V is the voltage across the inductor of interest,

:L_1 is the inductance of the inductor of interest,

:dI_1 / dt is the derivative, with respect to time, of the current through the inductor of interest,

:M is the mutual inductance and

:dI_2 / dt is the derivative, with respect to time, of the current through the inductor that is coupled to the first inductor.}}

When one inductor is closely coupled to another inductor through mutual inductance, such as in a Transformer, the voltages, currents, and number of turns can be related in the following way:

:V_s = V_p \frac{N_s}{N_p}

where

:V_s is the voltage across the secondary inductor,

:V_p is the voltage across the primary inductor (the one connected to a power source),

:N_s is the number of turns in the secondary inductor, and

:N_p is the number of turns in the primary inductor.

Conversely the current:

:I_s = I_p \frac{N_p}{N_s}

where

:I_s is the current through the secondary inductor,

:I_p is the current through the primary inductor (the one connected to a power source),

:N_s is the number of turns in the secondary inductor, and

:N_p is the number of turns in the primary inductor.

Note that the power through one inductor is the same as the power through the other. Also note that these equations don't work if both transformers are forced (with power sources).

Self-inductance

Self-inductance, denoted L, is the usual inductance one talks about with an There was an error working with the wiki: Code[17]. It is a special case of mutual inductance where, in the above equation, i =j. Thus,

: M_{ij} = M_{jj} = L_{jj} = L_j = L = \frac{\mu_0}{4\pi} \oint_{C}\oint_{C'} \frac{{ds}\cdot{ds}'}{|{R}|}

Physically, the self-inductance of a circuit represents the back-emf described by There was an error working with the wiki: Code[18].

Inductance for any shaped loop

Consider a current loop \delta S with current i(t). According to There was an error working with the wiki: Code[19], current i(t) sets up a There was an error working with the wiki: Code[20] at 'r':

:{B}({r},t)= \frac{\mu_{0}\mu_{r} i(t)}{4\pi} \int_{\delta S}{\frac{d{l} \times {\hat r}}{r^2}}

Now There was an error working with the wiki: Code[21] through the surface S the loop encircles is:

:\Phi(t) = \int_S{B}({r},t) \cdot d{A} = \frac{\mu_{0}\mu_{r} i(t)}{4\pi} \int_S \int_{\delta S}{\frac{d{l} \times {\hat r}}{r^2}} \cdot d{A} = Li(t)

From where we get the expression for inductance of the current loop:

:L = \frac{\mu_{0}\mu_{r} }{4\pi} \int_S \int_{\delta S}{\frac{d{l} \times {\hat r}}{r^2}} \cdot d{A}

where

:?0 and ?''r are the same as above

:d{l} is the differential length vector of the current loop element

:{\hat r} is the unit displacement vector from the current element to the field point 'r'

:r is the distance from the current element to the field point 'r'

:d{A} There was an error working with the wiki: Code[2] vector element of surface area A, with There was an error working with the wiki: Code[3] small magnitude and direction There was an error working with the wiki: Code[4] to surface S

As we see here, the geometry and material properties (if material properties are same in surface S and the material is linear) of the current loop can be expressed with single scalar quantity L.

Phasor circuit analysis and impedance

Using There was an error working with the wiki: Code[5], the equivalent There was an error working with the wiki: Code[6] of an inductance is given by:

:Z_L = V / I = j L \omega \,

where

: X_L = L \omega \, is the inductive There was an error working with the wiki: Code[22],

: \omega = 2 \pi f \, is the angular frequency,

: L is the inductance,

: f is the frequency, and

: j is the There was an error working with the wiki: Code[23].

Inductance of a circular loop

The inductance of a circular conductive loop made of a circular conductor can be determined using

: L = {r \mu_0 \mu_r \left( \ln{ \frac {8 r}{a}} - 2 \right) }

where

:?0 and ?''r are the same as above

:r is the radius of the loop

:a is the radius of the conductor

Inductance of a solenoid

The self-inductance L of such a solenoid can be calculated from:

: L = {\mu_0 \mu_r N^2 A \over l} = \frac{N \Phi}{i}

where

:?0 is the There was an error working with the wiki: Code[7] of free space (4? × 10-7 There was an error working with the wiki: Code[8] per Metre)

:?r is the relative permeability of the core (dimensionless)

:N is the number of turns.

:A is the cross sectional area of the coil in There was an error working with the wiki: Code[24]s.

:l is the length of the coil in Metres.

:\Phi = BA is the flux in webers (B is the flux density, A is the area).

:i is the current in amperes

This, and the inductance of more complicated shapes, can be derived from Maxwell's equations. For rigid air-core coils, inductance is a function of coil geometry and number of turns, and is independent of current. However, since the permeability of ferromagnetic materials changes with applied magnetic flux, the inductance of a coil with a ferromagnetic core will generally vary with current.

Related

Main: There was an error working with the wiki: Code[25], There was an error working with the wiki: Code[26], There was an error working with the wiki: Code[27], There was an error working with the wiki: Code[28], Transformer

Circuits: There was an error working with the wiki: Code[9], There was an error working with the wiki: Code[10], There was an error working with the wiki: Code[11] There was an error working with the wiki: Code[12], There was an error working with the wiki: Code[13]

Other: There was an error working with the wiki: Code[29], Electricity, There was an error working with the wiki: Code[30], There was an error working with the wiki: Code[31], Alternating current

References

Griffiths, David J. (1998). Introduction to Electrodynamics (3rd ed.). Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-805326-X.

Wangsness, Roald K. (1986). Electromagnetic Fields, 2nd ed., Wiley. ISBN 0-471-81186-6.

Hughes, Edward. (2002). Electrical & Electronic Technology (8th ed.). Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-582-40519-X.

Küpfmüller K., Einführung in die theoretische Elektrotechnik, Springer-Verlag, 1959.

Heaviside O., Electrical Papers. Vol.1. – L. N.Y.: Macmillan, 1892, p. 429-560.

There was an error working with the wiki: Code[1], Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation.