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PowerPedia:Inventor

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An inventor is a person who creates or discovers new methods, means, or devices, The word "inventor" comes form the latin verb invenire, invent-, to find. [1] (http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=inventor&db=*)[2] (http://www.m-w.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?book=Dictionary&va=invent)

Description

Inventorship is a key determination in establishing patent rights. The system of patents was established to encourage inventors by granting limited-term, limited monopoly on inventions determined to be sufficiently novel, non-obvious, and useful. In the U.S. the intellectual property clause of the Constitution permits (but does not mandate) laws to be passed establishing patent and other intellectual property rights.

Patents may be granted on technical devices such as mechanical, electrical or, in some places. software devices or methods. Many things which are not patentable, or are not generally patented, may nevertheless be considered the product of the work of an inventor. Examples include new methods or products of artistic expression or mathematics. As in the case of formal inventorship, the key element is surprise to those knowledgeable in a domain.

Inventor's notebook

An inventor's notebook is used by inventors, scientists and engineers to record their ideas, invention process, experimental tests and results and observations. It is not a legal document but is valuable, if properly organized and maintained, since it can help establish dates of conception and reduction to practice. The information can improve the outcome of a patent or a patent contestation.

Purpose

A patent grants its owners the right to sue those who manufacture and market products or services that infringe on the claims declared in the patent. Typically, governments award patents on either a first to file or first to invent basis. The latter is currently true for the United States. Therefore, it is important to keep and maintain records that help establish who is first to invent a particular invention.

The inventor's notebook (also called a journal, lab book or log book) is a systematic device for recording all information related to an invention in such a way that it can be used to develop a case during a patent contestation or patent-related lawsuit. The notebook is also a valuable tool for the inventor since it provides a chronological record of an invention and its reduction to practice.

A "virtual inventor's notebook", in which one scans note pages and emails them to oneself, would likely serve the same patent contestation protection, the same chronological record, and would be less likely to be lost or stolen. However, confidentiality could be at stake using such techniques.

Suggested guidelines

These are suggested guidelines for creating and maintaining an inventor's notebook. The guidelines are by no means meant to be construed as legal advice. If legal advice is needed regarding an inventor's notebook, consulting an attorney is advised.

Use a book with stitch-bound, consecutively numbered pages. Pre-printed notebooks that include features described in these guidelines can be obtained from commercial publishers. Composition books and journals are acceptable if consecutive page numbers are written in the upper right-hand corner in permanent ink. Both sides of each page must be numbered
One book can be used to record multiple concepts but many inventors prefer to dedicate one book to each project
All original concepts and relevant data should be immediately entered into the notebook. Relevant data includes sketches, descriptions of the concept, motivation for the concept and results of searches for prior art. Headings should be used to separate topics and each entry must be dated. Make all entries in a consistent manner using consistent language, charts and numbering systems
Include entries on all experiments, experimental results, observations and conclusions
If a concept or prototype is tested with a group of people, include entries explaining the test, the methods used, results, observations and conclusion. Note whether participants signed non-disclosure agreements
Record any public disclosure of a concept, invention, prototype or experimental results. Public disclosure includes, but is not limited to, printed or electronic publication, presentations, discussions with potential customers, tests and demonstrations and informal discussions with persons not directly associated with the organization that may ultimately patent the invention
Brief entries are permissible but include enough detail for someone else knowledgeable in the pertinent fields to successfully duplicate the work
Enter all entries in chronological order
Label all figures and calculations. Use numbers in bubbles and arrows to assign numbers to features that are discussed in entries and reference the pertinent figure or calculation in those entries
Never remove any pages from the notebook
The first few pages may be reserved as a Table of Contents. Add Table of Contents to the top of each such page even if no items are yet entered on that page
Start entries at the top of the first page, write to fill the page from left to right and continue to the bottom of the last page of the notebook. Do not leave blank spaces, instead, draw a single line across each blank line
Never let anyone else make entries in the notebook, excepting witness signatures
Never erase or remove material added to the notebook. Draw a line through errors, add your initials and make corrections nearby
Materials such as printed pages, test equipment hardcopy, dated receipts, photographs and CAD drawings must be affixed with paste to pages in the notebook. Include dated written entries for each item. For photographs, draw numbers and bubbles and arrows from the page and onto the photograph and in a nearby entry describe the features indicated
Materials too large for the notebook can be entered in an ancillary record but a dated written entry must be added in the journal describing the material and its location in the ancillary record
Have one or two persons, who have enough knowledge of the relevant fields to read and understand the entries for a given date, sign the last entry for a given date under a "Disclosed to and understood by" label. Witnesses should not be related to the author of the notebook

Famous notebooks

Though not necessarily following all the guidelines above, journals and notebooks have been kept by many famous inventors, scientists and engineers. Some of the most well-known journals include those of:

Patents and development

In patent law, an inventor is the person, or persons in United States patent law, who contribute to the claims of a patentable invention. In some patent law frameworks however, such as in the European Patent Convention (EPC) and its case law, no explicit, accurate definition of who exactly is an inventor is provided. The definition may slightly vary from one European country to another. Inventorship is generally not considered to be a patentability criterion under European patent law. Under U.S. case law, an inventor is the one with "intellectual domination"^{[3] (http://peswiki.com/index.php/PowerPedia:Inventor#endnote_inteldom)} over the inventive process, and not merely one who assists in its reduction to practice.

Since inventorship relates to the claims in a patent application, knowing who an inventor is under the patent law is sometimes difficult. "Joint inventors" exist when a patentable invention is the result of inventive work of more than one inventor. Joint inventors exist even where one inventor contributed a majority of the work. Absent a contract or license, the inventors are individuals who own the rights in an issued patent. Status as an inventor dramatically alters parties' ability to capitalize on the invention.^{[4] (http://peswiki.com/index.php/PowerPedia:Inventor#endnote_ethicon)}

Inventorship

European

Under the European Patent Convention (EPC), identifying the inventor of a given invention is theoretically very important since "[t]he right to a European patent (...) belong[s] to the inventor or his successor in title", according to the first-to-file principle. In practice however, the European Patent Office (EPO) never investigates whether the proposed inventor is indeed the true inventor. Indeed, "[f]or the purposes of proceedings before the [EPO], the applicant shall be deemed to be entitled to exercise the right to the European patent".

Court actions relating to the entitlement to the grant of a European patent must be brought before the national court which has the jurisdiction. The jurisdiction is determined in conformance with the "Protocol on Jurisdiction and the Recognition of Decisions in respect of the Right to the Grant of a European Patent" or, in short, the "Protocol on Recognition" [5] (http://www.european-patent-office.org/legal/epc/e/ma4.html). Once a final decision is issued by a national court adjudging that the applicant is not entitled to the grant of a European patent, the procedure according to is applicable.

In contrast with U.S. patent law, the applicant for a European patent needs not be the inventor. The right to the European patent may validly be transferred before the filing of the application, e.g. by contract, by inheritance, or as a consequence of the "employee's rights" as determined by the applicable national law. However, the inventor has the right to be mentioned as such before the EPO . The EPO does not verify the accuracy of the designation of the inventor. The inventor may waive its right to be mentioned as such in the European patent application and European patent specification.

Inventorship is traditionally not classified as a patentability criterion under European patent law, in contrast with U.S. patent law. However, inventorship can be relevant to patentability in Europe, although in only a limited way. Where a disclosure is made within 6 months preceding the filing date of a European patent application, the disclosure is not taken into consideration if it was due to, or in consequence of, an evident abuse in relation to the applicant or his legal predecessor. Thus the identity of the inventor (who is often the applicant, or his legal predecessor) can be of vital importance.

United States

In the United States, a patent application must be filed in the name of the inventors. This requirement that a patent be taken out in the name of the inventors is derived from the intellectual property clause of the United States Constitution: "The Congress shall have power . . . To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries" (emphasis added).

An inventor is a party who has contributed at least one claim to a patent. The courts explain that "[t]he threshold question" of inventorship is "who conceived the invention." Courts recognize that invention is rarely a solitary endeavor. Therefore, conception and "intellectual domination" over an invention is important and "reduction to practice, per se, is irrelevant. One must contribute to the conception to be an inventor."

Generally, conception is "the complete performance of the mental part of the inventive act", and "the formation in the mind of the inventor of a definite and permanent idea of the complete and operative invention as it is thereafter to be applied in practice.."^{[6] (http://peswiki.com/index.php/PowerPedia:Inventor#endnote_townsend)} (emphasis added). An idea is usually not "definite and permanent" or "complete" where changes resulting from experimentation. In this case, other individuals who contribute to the formation of the "definite and permanent" idea are co-inventors.

The naming of inventors is very important for the validity of the patent. Intentionally failing to name, or incorrectly identifying inventors, can result in a patent being held invalid. Ordinarily, the courts presume the named inventors are the inventors so long as there is no disagreement.

An inventor cannot opt out from being mentioned as such in a U.S. patent, even if the patent application was assigned before publication. Assignment of rights in a patent does not alter to whom the patent is actually issued. In fact, an assignee may only have an equitable interest in the patent until it is issued and then legal interest would transfer automatically.

list of inventors

Table of contents: Top - 0–9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

A

Archimedes, (c 287 BC-212 BC), Greece
Ami Argand, (1750-1803), India — Argand lamp
Edwin H. Armstrong,(1890-1954), USA — FM radio
William George Armstrong, (1810-1900), England — hydraulic crane
Joseph Aspdin, (1788–1855), England — Portland cement
John Vincent Atanasoff, (1903-1995), United States — modern programmable computer

B

Charles Babbage, (1791-1871), England — Analytical engine
Leo Baekeland, (1863-1944), Belgian–American — Velox photographic paper and Bakelite
Ralph Baer, (1922-), German born American — the home video game console
John Logie Baird, (1888-1946), Scotland — a working television
Donát Bánki, (1859-1922), Hungary — inventor of the carburetor
John Bardeen, (1908-1991), USA — co-inventor of the transistor
Earl W. Bascom, (1906-1995), Canada and United States — rodeo bareback rigging
Trevor Baylis, (1937-), England — a wind-up radio
Arnold O. Beckman, (1900-2004), USA — pH meter
Alexander Graham Bell, (1847-1922), Canada — telephone
Karl Benz, (1844–1929), Germany — the petrol-powered automobile
Emile Berliner, (1851-1929), Germany and USA — the disc record gramophone
Tim Berners-Lee, (1955-), England — with Robert Cailliau, the World Wide Web
Bi Sheng, (?-1052), China — primitive movable printing types
Lászlo Bíró, (1899-1985), Hungary — modern ballpoint pen
Ottó Bláthy (1860-1939), Hungary — co-inventor of the transformer, wattmeter, alternating current (AC) and turbogenerator
Katherine Blodgett, (1898-1979), England — nonreflective glass
Nils Bohlin, (1920-2002), Sweden — the three-point seat belt
János Bolyai (1802-1860), Hungary — discoverer of non-Euclidean geometry
Joseph-Armand Bombardier, (1907-1964), Canada — snowmobile
Robert W. Bower, (1936-), USA —Self Aligned-Gate MOSFET
Seth Boyden, (1788-1870), USA — nail-making machine
Walter Houser Brattain, (1902-1987), USA — co-inventor of the transistor
Louis Braille, (1809-1852), France — the Braille writing system
Karl Ferdinand Braun, (1850-1918), Germany — cathode-ray tube oscilloscope
Imre Bródy, (1891-1944), Hungary — co-inventor of krypton-filled fluorescent lamps
Edwin Beard Budding, (1795-1846), England — lawnmower
Roger Bacon, (1214-1292), England — magnifying glass

C

Cài Lún, (50 AD — 121), China — paper
Marvin Camras, (1916 - 1995), USA — magnetic recording
Chester Carlson, (1906-1968), USA — electrophotography
Wallace Carothers, (1896-1937), USA — Nylon
Dennis Charter, (1952-), Australia — Secure Electronic Payment System
Adrian Chernoff, (1971-), USA — GM Autonomy, GM Hy-wire, Rubber Bandits
Niels Christensen (1865- 1952), USA — O-ring
Samuel Hunter Christie, (1784-1865), England — Wheatstone bridge
Christopher Cockerell, (1910-1999), England — Hovercraft
Jacques Cousteau, (1910–1997), France — co-inventor of the aqualung and the Nikonos underwater camera
Holger Crafoord, (1908-1982), Sweden — inventor of the artificial kidney
János Csonka, (1852-1939), Hungary — co-inventor of carburetor
Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot, (1725-1804), France — automobile
Juan de la Cierva, (1895-1936), Spain — the autogyro
William Cullen, (1710-1790), Scotland — first artificial refrigerator
Glenn Curtiss, (1878 – 1930), USA — ailerons

D

Gustaf Dalén, (1869-1937), Sweden — invented the AGA Lighthouse
Salvino D'Armate, (?-?), Italy — credited for inventing eyeglasses in 1284
Joseph Day, (1855-1946), England — the crankcase compression two stroke engine
Lee DeForest, (1873-1961), USA — triode
Sir James Dewar, (1842-1923), Scotland — Thermos flask
Miksa Déri (1854-1938), Hungary — co-inventor of transformer
William Kennedy Laurie Dickson, (1860-1935), Scotland — motion picture camera
Rudolf Diesel, (1858-1913), Germany — Diesel engine
William H. Dobelle, (1943-2004), United States — first functioning artificial eye
Karl Drais, (1785-1851), Germany — dandy horse (Draisine)
Cornelius Drebbel, (1572-1633), The Netherlands — first navigable submarine
Richard Drew, (1899-1980), USA — Scotch (or cellophane) tape

E

George Eastman, (1854-1932), USA — film-roll
Thomas Edison, (1847-1931), USA — phonograph, commercially practical light bulb, motion picture projector, stock ticker, etc.
Willem Einthoven, (1860-1927), The Netherlands — the electrocardiogram
Douglas Engelbart, (1925-), USA — the computer mouse [7] (http://eepatents.com/collection.html#006)
Rune Elmqvist, (1857-1924), Sweden — implantable pacemaker
John Ericsson, (1803-1889), Sweden — the two screw-propeller
Lars Magnus Ericsson, (1846-1926), Sweden — the handheld micro telephone

F

Philo Farnsworth, (1906-1971), USA — vacuum tube television display
James Fergason, (1934-), USA — improved liquid crystal display
Reginald Fessenden, (1866-1932), Canada — two-way radio
Adolf Eugen Fick, (1829-1901), Germany — contact lens
Alexander Fleming, (1881–1955), Scotland — penicillin
John Ambrose Fleming, (1848-1945), England — vacuum diode
Albert Fonó, (1881-1972), Hungary — jet propulsion engine
Benjamin Franklin, (1706-1790), USA — the pointed lightning rod conductor, bifocal glasses, the Franklin stove, the glass harmonica
William Friese-Greene, (1855-1921), England — cinematography
Buckminster Fuller, (1895-1983), USA — geodesic dome

G

Dennis Gabor, (1900-1979), Hungary — holography
William Henry Gates III, (1955-), Windows operating system, chief architect of Visual Basic
Robert Goddard, (1882-1945), USA — liquid fuel rocket
Heinrich Göbel, (1818-1893), Germany — first functional incandescent lamp
Peter Carl Goldmark, (1906-1977), Hungary — vinyl record (LP)
Gordon Gould, (1920-2005), USA — co-inventor of laser
Richard Hall Gower, (1768-1833), England — ship's hull and rigging
Bette Nesmith Graham, (1924-1980), USA — Liquid Paper
Chester Greenwood, (1858-1937), USA — thermal earmuffs
James Gregory, (1638-1675), Scotland — reflecting telescope
William Robert Grove, (1811–1896), Wales — fuel cell
Otto von Guericke, (1602-1686), Germany — vacuum pump
Johann Gutenberg, (c 1390s-1468), Germany — modern movable type printing press

H

John Hadley, (1682-1744), England — the sextant
James Hargreaves, (1720-1778), England — invented the spinning jenny
John Harrison, (1693-1776), England — marine chronometer
Victor Hasselblad, (1906-1978), Sweden — invented the 6 x 6 cm single-lens reflex camera
Rudolf Hell, (1901-2002), Germany — the Hellschreiber
Avram Hershko, (1937-), Hungary — Ubiquitin
Jozef Karol Hell, (1713-1789), Slovakia — the water pillar
Emil Henriksson (http://www.yle.fi/teema/tiede/keksinnot/keksinnot_henriksson.shtml), (1886-1959), Finland (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland) — Abloy-lock (http://www.abloy.com) 1907
Joseph Henry, (1797-1898), USA — electromagnetic relay
George de Hevesy, (1885-1966), Hungary — radioactive tracer
Erna Schneider Hoover, (1926-), USA — computerized telephone switching system
Frank Hornby, (1863-1936), England — invented Meccano
Heron, Greece — invented Aeolipile

I

János Irinyi, (1817-1895), Hungary — noiseless match

Sumio Iijima, (1939- ), Japan — nanotubes

J

Jan Janský, (1873-1921), Czechoslovakia — discoverer of blood types
Karl Jatho, (1873-1933), Germany — airplane
György Jendrassik, (1898-1954), Hungary — turboprop
Steve Jobs, (1955-), Macintosh operating system
Carl Edvard Johansson, (1864-1943), Sweden — Gauge blocks
Johan Petter Johansson, (1853-1943), Sweden — the pipe wrench and the modern adjustable spanner
Nancy Johnson, USA — American version of the hand cranked ice cream machine in (1843)
Scott A. Jones, (1960-), USA — created one of the most successful versions of voicemail as well as ChaCha Search, a human-assisted internet search engine.

K

Masters of Könni, (1757-1865), Ilmajoki (http://www.ilmajoki.fi/index.asp), Finland (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland) — Family of blacksmith (http://www.idea-animaatiomlahti.fi/konnit.htm) and clockmasters (http://www.idea-animaatiomlahti.fi/konni/anites/propeeri03.swf). Finnish first "Science Park" (http://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nnin_mestarit). Family of Könnin suku (http://www.konninsuku.net/fi/index.html) pages.
Dean Kamen, (1951-), USA — Invented the Segway HT scooter and the IBOT Mobility Device
Maurice Kanbar, United States; Invented the multiplex cinema, the D-Fuzz-It sweater comb, SKYY vodka, Vermeer Dutch Chocolate Cream Liqueur and more
John George Kemeny, (1926-1992), Hungary — co-inventor of BASIC
Charles F. Kettering, (1876-1958), USA — invented automobile self-starter ignition, Freon ethyl gasoline and more
Jack Kilby, (1923-2005), USA — patented the first integrated circuit
Fritz Klatte, (1880-1934), Germany — vinyl chloride, forerunner to polyvinyl chloride
Margaret Knight, (1838-1914), USA — machine that completely constructs box-bottom brown paper bags
Ivan Knunyants, (1906-1990), Ukraine — invented Nylon-6
Willem Johan Kolff , (1911-), artificial kidney hemodialysis machine
Gleb Kotelnikov, (1872-1944), Russia — knapsack parachute
Stephanie Kwolek, (1923-), USA — Kevlar

L

Aimo Lahti (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aimo_Lahti), (1896-1970), Finland (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland) — Suomi - konepistooli (http://www.guns.connect.fi/gow/suomi1.html)
Hedy Lamarr, (1913-2000), Austria and USA — Spread spectrum
Edwin H. Land, (1909-1991), USA — Polaroid polarizing filters and the Land Camera
Håkan Lans, (1942-), Sweden — STDMA datalink (Self organising Time Division Multiple Access), colour computer graphics
Irving Langmuir, (1851-1957), USA — gas filled incandescent light bulb, hydrogen welding
Lewis Latimer, (1848-1928), — worked with Thomas Edison and patented an improved lightbulb manufacturing process
Gustav de Laval, (1845-1913), Sweden — invented the milk separator and the milking machine
Karl Selim Lemström, (1838-1904). Finland (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland) — Professor, Northern light generator (http://home.arcor.de/oooooo/page/projects/northernlight.html) and first International Polar Year (http://www.fmi.fi/organisaatio/historia_3.html) 1882-1883 observatory to Sodankylä
Sergei Vasiljevich Lebedev, (1874-1934), Russia — synthetic rubber
Tim Berners-Lee, (1955- ) England — World Wide Web
Leonardo da Vinci, (1452-1519), Italy
Justus von Liebig, (1803-1873), Germany — nitrogen-based fertilizer
Frans Wilhelm Lindqvist, (1862-1931), Sweden — Kerosene stove operated by compressed air
Archibald Low, (1882-1956), Britain — Pioneer of radio guidance systems
Giovanni Luppis, (1813-1875), Austrian Empire (ethnical Italian) — self-propelled torpedo

M

Guglielmo Marconi, (1874-1937), Italy — radio
Elijah McCoy, (1844-1929), USA — automatic lubricator for oiling steam engines
Antonio Meucci, (1808-1896), Italy — the telephone
Narcis Monturiol i Estarriol, (1819-1885), Spain — steam powered submarine
Robert Moog, (1934-2005), USA — the Moog synthesizer
Montgolfier brothers, (1740-1810) and (1745-1799), France — hot-air balloon
Samuel Morey, (1762-1843), USA — internal combustion engine
Garrett A. Morgan, (1877-1963), USA — inventor of the gas mask, and traffic signal.
Samuel Morse, (1791-1872), USA — telegraph
Jozef Murgaš, (1864-1929), Slovakia — inventor of the wireless telegraph (forerunner of the radio)

N

Alfred Nobel, (1833-1896), Sweden — dynamite

Jun-Ichi Nishizawa, (1926-), Japan — Optical communication system, SIT/SITh (Static Induction Transistor/Thyristor), Laser diode, PIN diode
John von Neumann (János Neumann), (1903-1957), Hungary — Von Neumann computer architecture
Isaac Newton,(1642-1727), England — reflecting telescope (which reduces chromatic aberration)
Carl Rickard Nyberg, (1858-1939), Sweden — the blowtorch

O

Theophil Wilgodt Odhner, (1845-1903), Sweden — the Odhner Arithmometer, a mechanical calculator
Elisha Otis, (1811-1861), USA — passenger elevator and concommitant safety device

P

Helge Palmcrantz, (1842-1880), Sweden — the multi-barrel, lever-actuated, machine gun
Spede Pasanen, (1930-2001), Finland (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland) — The ski jumping sling
Slavoljub Eduard Penkala, (1871-1922), Croatia — ball point pen
Gustaf Erik Pasch, (1788-1862), Sweden — the safety match
Arthur Paul Pedrick, England — chromatically selective cat flap and others
Henry Perky, (1843-1906), USA — Shredded wheat
Peter Petroff, (1919-2004), Bulgaria — digital wrist watch, heart monitor, weather instruments
Christopher Polhem, (1661-1751), Sweden — the modern padlock
Olivia Poole, (1889-1975), USA, — the Jolly Jumper baby harness
Baltzar von Platen, (1898-1984), Sweden — refrigerator
Mihajlo Pupin, (1858–1935), Serbia — pupinisation, tunable oscillator, Pupin coil
Tivadar Puskás, (1844-1893), Hungary — telephone exchange

Q

R

Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, (1845-1923), Germany — the X-ray machine
Josef Ressel, (1793-1857), Czechoslovakia — ship propeller
John Roebuck, (1718-1794) England — lead chamber process for sulfuric acid synthesis
Ernő Rubik, (1944-), Hungary — Rubik's cube, Rubik's Magic and Rubik's Clock

S

Hassan Kamel Al-Sabbah, (1895-1935), Lebanon — solar power, cathode ray tube
Augustus Siebe, (1788-1872), Saxony&England Inventor of the standard diving dress
Alberto Santos-Dumont, (1873-1932), Brazil — non-rigid airship and airplane
Isidor Sauers, (1948- ), inventor of a process for measuring the degradation of SF₆ in high-voltage systems
Adolphe Sax, (1814-1894), Belgium — saxophone
Christian Schnabel (1878-1936), German, designed simplistic food cutleries
August Schrader, USA — Schrader valve for Pneumatic tire
David Schwarz, (1852-1897), Croatia, — rigid ship, later called Zeppelin
Béla Schick, (1877-1967), Hungary — diphtheria test
William Bradford Shockley, (1910-1989), USA — co-inventor of transistor
Werner von Siemens, (1816-1892), Germany — an electromechanical "dynamic"
Sir William Siemens, (1823-1883), Germany — regenerative furnace
Igor Sikorsky, (1889-1972), Ukraine — helicopter
Charles Simonyi, (1948-), Hungary — Hungarian notation
Aurel Stodola, (1859-1942), Slovakia – gas turbines
Elmer Ambrose Sperry, (1860–1930), USA — gyroscope-guided automatic pilot
Levi Strauss, (1829-1902), USA — blue jeans
John Stringfellow, (1799-1883), England — airplane
Almon Strowger, (1839-1902), USA — automatic telephone exchange
Simon Sunatori, (1959-), Canada — inventor of Sunatori Pen
Joseph Swan, (1828-1914), England — Incandescent light bulb
Albert Szent-Györgyi, (1893-1986), Hungary — discoverer of Vitamin C

T

Edward Teller (Ede Teller), (1908-2003), Hungary — hydrogen bomb
Nikola Tesla, (1856-1943), Serbian-Croatian-American Tesla Coil— inventor of the induction motor, alternating current polyphase power distribution system, wireless communication, robotics, logic gates, the bladeless turbine, radio and VTOL aircraft
Eric Tigersted (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Tigerstedt) (Suomeksi) (http://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Tigerstedt), (1887-1924), Finland (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland) — Invented the radio tube (http://personal.inet.fi/koti/antero.tanninen/tiger.html) and he brought sound to movies (http://www.fsfl.se/backspegel/tigerstedt.html). His ‘Word and Picture’, presented in 1914 in Berlin, was the world’s first successful ‘talking picture’.
Jali Timari, (?), Finland (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland) — Inventor and Tampere Asepaja (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JaTiMatic) owner, JaTiMatic - konepistooli (http://www.blinkbits.com/en_wikifeeds/GG-95_SMG_PDW)
Kálmán Tihanyi, (1897-1947), Hungary — co-inventor of cathode ray tube and iconoscope
Benjamin Chew Tilghman, (1821-1897), USA — sandblasting
Linus Torvalds (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus_Torvalds), (1969 - ), Finland (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland) — Linux kernel (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux)
Leonardo Torres y Quevedo, (1852-1936), Spain
Alfred Traeger, (1895-1980), Australia — the pedal radio
Franc Trkman, (1903-1978), Slovenia — electrical switches, accessories for opening windows
Alan Turing, (1912-1954), England — the Turing machine

U

Lewis Urry, (1927-2004), Canada — long-lasting alkaline battery

V

Artturi Ilmari Virtanen (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artturi_Ilmari_Virtanen), (1895-1973), Finland (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland) — Chemist and recipient of the 1945 Nobel Prize (http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1945/index.html) in Chemistry. AIV Fodder (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIV_Fodder)
Louis R. Vitullo, (1924?-2006), United States — Sexual assault kit
Alessandro Volta, (1745-1827), Italy — battery
Faust Vran�?ić, (1551-1617), Croatia — parachute

W

Barnes Wallis, (1887-1979), England — bouncing bomb
Robert Watson-Watt, (1892-1973), Scotland — microwave radar
James Watt, (1736-1819), Scotland — improved Steam engine
Jonas Wenström, (1855-1893), Sweden — the three-phase electrical system
George Westinghouse, (1846-1914), USA — Air brake
Charles Wheatstone, (1802-1875), England — concertina, stereoscope, microphone, Playfair cipher
Eli Whitney, (1765-1825), USA — the cotton gin
Frank Whittle, (1907-1996), England — co-inventor of the jet engine
Otto Wichterle, (1913-1989), Czechoslovakia — invented modern contact lenses
Leighton A. Wilkie, (1900-1993), USA — the metal-cutting band saw (contour band machine)
Paul Winchell, (1922-2005), USA — the artificial heart
A. Baldwin Wood, (1879-1956), USA — inventor & engineer
Granville Woods, (1856-1910), USA — the Synchronous Multiplex Railway Telegraph
The Wright brothers, Orville Wright, (1871-1948) and Wilbur Wright, (1867-1912), USA — aeroplane
Arthur Wynne, (1862-1945), England — creator of crossword puzzle

Y

Hidetsugu Yagi, (1886-1976), Japan — Yagi antenna
Arthur M. Young, (1905-1995), USA — the Bell Helicopter

Related

Notes

Citations

^ Morse v. Porter, 155 USPQ 280, 283 (Bd. Pat. Inter. 1965)
^ Ethicon v. United States Surgical Corp., 135 F.3d 1456, 45 U.S.P.Q.2d 1545 (Fed. Cir., 1998)
^ Townsend v. Smith, 36 F.2d 292, 295, 4 USPQ 269, 271 (CCPA 1930)

Other

It is claimed that the capacity to invent can be developed. See TRIZ, the theory of inventive problem-solving.