PowerPedia:History

From PESWiki

History is the study of human behavior through time. When used in reguards to the field of energy, history refers to the study electrical engineering and interpretation of physical world to produce work. This is preserved primarily through written sources. The history of free energy (also known to some as the history of perpetual motion machines and history of over unity machines) dates as far back as the 8th century, and probably further. For millennia it was not clear whether such devices were possible, but the development of modern thermodynamics has led virtually all engineers and scientists to agree that they are impossible. Many have attempted to construct the holy grail of energy production in spite of this. Proponents of perpetual motion machines often use other terms to describe their inventions including free energy devices, mechanisms, or formulas and over unity machines. Knowledge of energy history is often said to encompass both knowledge of past events and historical thinking skills.

Introduction

The recorded history of perpetual motion machines dates at least as far back as the 8th century. An early description of a perpetual motion machine was by Bhaskara in 1150. He described a wheel that he claimed would run forever. Villard de Honnecourt in 1235 described, in a thirty-three page manuscript, a perpetual motion machine of the second kind. In the 1760s, James Cox (with the help of John Joseph Merlin) developed a working perpetual motion machine of sorts: a clock (known as Cox's timepiece) powered by changes in atmospheric pressure. Cox was quite open about the workings of his machine, unlike many perpetual motion inventors. The clock still exists today (but was deactivated by the clock's relocation). ^{[1] (http://peswiki.com/index.php/PowerPedia:History#endnote_Hume)} Johann Bessler (also known as Orffyreus) created a series of claimed perpetual motion machines in the 18th Century. In the 19th century, the invention of perpetual motion machines became an obsession for many scientists. Many machines were designed based on electricity, but none of them lived up to their promises. Other early prospectors in this field included John Gamgee and Cromwell Varley.

• Gamgee developed the Zerometer, a perpetual motion machine of the second kind. Varley, though, did discover in 1867 that an electric generator did not need to be started with a conventional prime mover. He used the Earth's magnetic field to induce enough field strength in the stator windings to get a generator running. ^{[2] (http://peswiki.com/index.php/PowerPedia:History#endnote_bunch)}
• Other 19th century inventors such as Thomas Henry Moray, an admirer of Nikola Tesla, claimed to be able to tap into radiant energy sources utilizing high frequency high voltage currents interacting with the aether. The energy would be derived from the "running river" of the aether. Several demonstrations by Moray were done where 50 kW of power were generated for several days from an antenna connected to a series of transformers, capacitors, and other components. However, all plans and knowledge were kept secret by Moray, demonstration was not verified, and patents were never granted.

Devising these machines is a favourite pastime of many eccentrics, who often come up with elaborate machines in the style of Rube Goldberg or Heath Robinson. These designs may appear to work on paper at first glance, but have various flaws or obfuscated external power sources that render them useless in practice. This sort of "invention" has become common enough that the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) has made an official policy of refusing to grant patents for perpetual motion machines without a working model. One reason for this concern is that a few "inventors" have used official patents to convince gullible potential investors that their machine is "approved" by the Patent Office. The USPTO has granted a few patents for motors that are claimed to run without net energy input. These patents were issued because it was not obvious from the patent that a perpetual motion machine was being claimed. Some of these are:

• Johnson, Howard R., US4151431 "Permanent Magnet Motor", April 24, 1979
• Baker, Daniel, US4074153 "Magnetic propulsion device", February 14, 1978
• Hartman; Emil T., US4215330 "Permanent magnet propulsion system", December 20, 1977 (this device is related to the Simple Magnetic Overunity Toy (SMOT)),
• Flynn; Charles J., US6246561 "Methods for controlling the path of magnetic flux from a permanent magnet and devices incorporating the same", July 31, 1998
• Patrick, et al., US6362718 (http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=6362718) "Motionless electromagnetic generator" , March 26, 2002

Proponents of perpetual motion machines use a number of other terms to describe their inventions, including "free energy" and "over unity" machines.

Timeline of "Free energy" devices

Below is a comprehensive listing ot "free energy" devices and attempts to develop such devices. An impressive devices was developed in the 1760s, James Cox (with the help of John Joseph Merlin) developed a working perpetual motion machine of sorts: a clock (known as Cox's timepiece) powered by changes in atmospheric pressure. Cox was quite open about the workings of his machine, unlike many perpetual motion inventors. The clock still exists today (but was deactivated by the clock's relocation). ^{[3] (http://peswiki.com/index.php/PowerPedia:History#endnote_Ord-Hume)} Another early prospector in this field included Cromwell Varley. Varley did discover in 1867 that an electric generator did not need to be started with a conventional prime mover. He used the Earth's magnetic field to induce enough field strength in the stator windings to get a generator running. ^{[4] (http://peswiki.com/index.php/PowerPedia:History#endnote_Bunch)}

Some 19th century inventors, such as Thomas Henry Moray (an admirer of Nikola Tesla), claimed to be able to tap into radiant energy sources utilizing high frequency high voltage currents interacting with the aether. The energy would be derived from the "running river" of the aether. Several demonstrations by Moray were done where 50 kW of power were generated for several days from an antenna connected to a series of transformers, capacitors, and other components. However, all plans and knowledge were kept secret by Moray, demonstration was not verified, and patents were never granted. Hermann Plauson, an Estonian engineer and inventor, also investigated the production of energy and power via atmospheric electricity.

Some free energy devices are devices that absorb ambient electromagnetic fields (known as radiant energy) and converts the incoming energy into a useful form of power or function. Here the term is categorised more as renewable energy. Other "free energy devices" are solar cells and thermocouples which do the same for light and heat. Of course "free energy" here is something of a misnomer, it is simply that the energy used is generated elsewhere. These devices are not perpetual motion machines in the strict sense of breaking thermodynamic laws and being unworkable.

An early "free energy" device that was widely used was the crystal radio, which consisted of a coil made of insulated wire and a galena crystal. It used no batteries. Over the course of history, powerful versions of these "wireless" machines were built by Mahlon Loomis, David Edward Hughes and Nikola Tesla. Lastly, the Testatika is an electromagnetic generator based on the 1898 Pidgeon electrostatic machine which includes an inductance circuit, a capacitance circuit, and a thermionic rectification valve. Allegedly a perpetual motion machine, the Testatika resembles in some respects a Wimshurst machine. It was built by Swiss engineer Paul Baumann, and promoted by a Swiss community, the Methernithans.

Pre-1800s

• About the 700s Bavaria, the magic wheel or magnet wheel, was basically a wagon wheel that spun by itself. Magnets with lead plates on their backs were affixed to the wheel, like the seats on a Ferris Wheel. Each magnet was attracted to a magnet affixed to the base on the ground. The lead allegedly blocked attraction as each magnet passes by it, so the wheel would keep moving for a time before friction stopped it.
• In the 13th century, Villard de Honnecourt had a drawing of one in his sketchbook. Honnecourt was a French master mason and architect. The sketchbook is made up of mechanics and architecture. _{[5] (http://www.newcastle.edu.au/discipline/fine-art/pubs/villard/album-1.htm)}
• Leonardo da Vinci made a number of drawings of things he hoped would make energy for free. He designed a centrifugal pump and the "chimney jack". The chimney jack was used to turn a roasting skewer (a reaction-type turbine)._{[6] (http://www.tpub.com/fireman/44.htm)}
• Johannes Taisnerius, a Jesuit priest, described a magnetic-based perpetual motion machine. Taisnerius's magnetic machine consisting of a ramp, a magnet stone and an iron ball. Pierre de Maricourt had earlier noted such a system which made use of the strength of the magnet stone. This runs into trouble because the path integral of force on a closed loop in a magnetic field is zero. Taisnerius passed Maricourt's work off as his own, which explains the similarity.
• In 1518, Mark Anthony Zimara designed a "self-blowing windmill". Zimara designed a self-blowing windmill that generated power from a set of bellows. The bellows blow the windmill sails round.
• In the 16th century, John Dee reported seeing a perpetual motion machine during his travels (with a pension from Elizabeth I), but wasn't allowed a closer look.
• In 1610, Cornelis Drebbel, an alchemist and magician, designed a slow perpetual motion machine that told the time, date, and season. The gold machine was mounted in a globe on pillars and was powered by changes in air pressure (a sealed glass tub with liquid varied in volume through atmospheric pressure changes, rewinding constantly).
• In 1630, Robert Fludd, English physicist and mystic, proposed many machines. People were trying to patent variations of Fludd's machine in the 1870s. Fludd's machine worked by recirculation by means of a water wheel and Archimedean screw. The device pumps the water back into its own supply tank. _{[7] (http://www.uh.edu/engines/pmm1.jpg) [8] (http://www.windmillworld.com/mills/images/fludd1618.gif)}
• After 1635, many English perpetual motion machine patents were granted. Several are variations of a machine developed in 12th century India. An original design is a cable projecting 150 miles into the sky to induct electricity (technology at the time would limit its usefulness, as it weighed 80 tons). _{[9] (http://www.uh.edu/engines/epi202.htm)} By 1903, 600 such patents had been granted.
• In 1638, Edward Somerset, 2nd Marquess of Worcester developed a perpetual motion machine. He gained a royal appointment as an inventor and builder. Parliament on June 3, 1663, gave a 99-year patent for his "Watercommanding Engine" (a steam engine). Somerset demonstrated many water wheels to Charles I of England, that had something to do with perpetual motion. _{[10] (http://www.history.rochester.edu/steam/dircks/HIS111chap2.html#551)}
• In 1664, Ulrich von Cranach, a war engineer, of Hamburg, Germany designed a perpetual ball moving machine that did not work in practice. The ball machine had a rotary cannon ball which descended by an Archimedean screw along the periphery of a wheel (like a water wheel), rolled through a track, and then were carried back to the top using an archimedean screw (powered by the ball-wheel). _{[11] (http://www.berliner-journalisten-schule.de/depesche1997/perptm.gif)} Arthur Ord-Hume illustrated this machine._{[12] (http://www.database.com/~lemur/rb-perpetual.html#von-cranach)}
• Johann Bernoulli (also known as Jean Bernoulli) proposed a fluid energy machine. Bernoulli developed the brachistochrone problem in June 1696 and is regarded as a founder of the calculus of variation.
• In 1686, Georg Andreas Böckler, a German architect, engineer, and author, designed 'self operating' self-powered water mills and several perpetual motion machines using balls using variants of Archimdes screws. One of Böckler's machine used an overbalanced wheel and archimedean screw.
• In 1712, Johann Bessler, a.k.a. Orffyreus, investigated 300 different perpetual motion models and claimed he had the secret of perpetual motion. Though allegation of fraud surfaced later (from a maid in his employment), investigators at the time, such as the lawyer Willem Jacob 'sGravesande, reported no such fraud.
• In the 1760s, James Cox (with the help of Joseph Merlin) develops a working perpetual motion machine (known as the Cox's timepiece). The clock device is powered from changes in atmospheric pressure via a barometer. The clock still exists today [but was deactivated due to the clock's relocation].
• In 1775, the Royal Academy of Sciences in Paris, made the statement that the Academy "will no longer accept or deal with proposals concerning perpetual motion". The reasoning was, that perpetual motion is impossible to achieve and that the search for it is time consuming and very expensive. According to the members of the academy, those bright minds dedicating their time and resources to this search, could be utilized much better in other, more reasonable endeavors. Nevertheless, many individuals continued to propose and build various "perpetual" machines in a quest of attaining thier end goal of free energy.
• In 1790, Doctor Conradus Schiviers made a belt driven wheel. He also offered a machine in which several balls powered a water wheel and a bucket-chain (again raising the balls). _{[13] (http://www.database.com/~lemur/rb-perpetual.html#schiviers)} Others tried to adapt his designs unsuccessful a century later.

1800s

• In 1812, Charles Redheffer, in Philadelphia, claimed to have developed a "generator" that could power other machines. Upon investigation, it was deduced that the power was being routed from the other connected machine. Robert Fulton exposed Redheffer's schemes during an exposition of the device in New York City (1813). Removing some concealing wooden strips, Fulton found a cat-gut belt drive went through a wall to an attic. In the attic, a man was turning a crank to power the device._{[14] (http://www.museumofhoaxes.com/redheffer.html) [15] (http://www.skepticfiles.org/skep2/pmotion2.htm) [16] (http://www.uh.edu/engines/epi438.htm)}
• In 1827, Sir William Congreve, an English inventor and rocket pioneer, tried a machine running on capillary action that would disobey the law of never rising above their own level, so to produce a continual ascent and overflow. The device had an inclined plane over pulleys. At the top and bottom, there travels an endless band of sponge, a bed and, over this, again an endless band of heavy weights jointed together. The whole stands over the surface of still water. Congreve believed his system would go on continually. _{[17] (http://www.hp-gramatke.net/pictures/perpet/congrev1.gif) [18] (http://2.1911encyclopedia.org/C/CO/CONGREVE_SIR_WILLIAM.htm) [19] (http://67.1911encyclopedia.org/P/PE/PERPETUAL_MOTION_OR_PERPETUUM_MOBILE.htm)}
• In 1866, Henry Prince of Britain described the first partially submerged perpetual motion machine.
• In 1868, an Austrian, Alois Drasch, received a US patent for a machine that possessed a "thrust key-type gearing" of a rotary engine. The vehicle driver could tilt a trough depending upon need. A heavy ball rolled in a cylindrical trough downward, and, with continuous adjustment of the device's levers and power output, Drasch believed that it would be possible to power a vehicle. _{[20] (http://www.hp-gramatke.de/pmm_physics/german/page0300.htm)}
• In 1870, E. P. Willis of New Haven, Connecticut made money off a "proprietary" perpetual motion machine. A story of the overly complicated device with a hidden source of energy appears in Scientific America article "The Greatest Discovery Ever Yet Made". Investigation into the device eventually found a source of power that drove it. _{[21] (http://www.genealogyimagesofhistory.com/images/amotion.JPG)}
• John Ernst Worrell Keely invented, reportedly, an induction resonance motion motor. He is supposedly to have used etheric 'technology'. In 1872, Keely announced that he discovered a principle for power production based on the vibrations of tuning forks. Scientists investigated his machine which appeared to run on water, though Keely endeavored to avoid this. Shortly after 1872, venture capitalists accused Keely of fraud (they lost nearly five million dollars). Keely's machine, it was discovered after his death, was based on hidden air pressure tubes.
• In 1881, John Gamgee developed a liquid ammonia machine which could operate at the freezing point from vaporation by radiant heat. The resultant expansion would drive a piston. The vapor does not condense to liquid to start the cycle over again, however, thus making the system inoperable. The Navy approved of the device and showed it to President James Garfield.
• In 1899, J. M. Aldrich was arrested for getting investors for his free energy machine. Aldrich was never convicted. Reportedly, he continued to run his scheme. Ultimately, an interested investor, upon inspection of the device, found a hidden spring.
• Mark Anthony Zimara of Italy had a huge air-powered machine (basically another attempt at a self blowing windmill). _{[22] (http://www.chem.unsw.edu.au/staff/hibbert/perpetual/1stviol.htm)} His device is described in Tallmadge G. Kasten's "The Perpetual Motion Machine of Mark Antony Zimara".
• The American, Horace Wickmam, received a patent regarding a machine with many rotating balls.
• A Scottish shoemaker, known as Spence, designed a magnetic based machine which later was discredited.

1900 to 1950

• In 1917, John Andrews, a Portuguese chemist, had a green powder which he claimed and demonstrated could transform water into gas (referred to as a "gas-water additive"). He reportedly convinced a Navy official that it worked. Andrews disappeared after negotiations began. Andrews' lab was rummaged through and disheveled upon a return visit by Navy officials. _{[23] (http://www.handpen.com/meg/free.htm)}
• In 1917, Garabed T. K. Giragossian is claimed, reportedly fraudulently, to have developed a free energy machine. Supposedly involved in a conspiracy, Woodrow Wilson signed a resolution offering him protection. The device was a giant flywheel that was charged up with energy slowly and put out a lot of energy for just a second. _{[24] (http://www.nuenergy.org/alt/garabed_fraud.htm) [25] (http://www.heraldmag.org/archives/1926_8.htm)}
• In the 1910s and 1920s, Harry Perrigo of Kansas City, a graduate of MIT, claims development of a free energy device. Perrigo claimed the energy source was "from thin air" or from ether waves. Perrigo demonstrated the device before the U.S. Congress on December 15, 1917. Perrigo had a pending application (filed December 31, 1925; Serial Number 78,719) for the "Improvement in Method and Apparatus for Accumulating and Transforming Ether Electric Energy". Investigators report that his device contained a hidden motor. _{[26] (http://www.kclibrary.org/resources/sc/list.cfm?list=sub&SubjectareaID=77176) [27] (http://www.rexresearch.com/perrigo/perrig~1.htm) [28] (http://www.twelvestar.com/Earthlight/issue03/Matter%20and%20Energy%203.html) [29] (http://www.nuenergy.org/pdf/perrigo.pdf)}
• In the 1920s, Thomas Henry Moray demonstrated a "radiant energy device" to many people who were unable to find a hidden power source. Somehow, the secret has been forgotten.
• On June 9, 1925, Hermann Plauson receives Patent US1540998 which ultilizes spark gaps to convert atmospheric energy. _{[30] (http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=/netahtml/srchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=1540998.WKU.&OS=PN/1540998&RS=PN/1540998)}
• In 1928, Lester Hendershot got an Army commandant to endorse his free energy machine. This motor device is said to have had a concealed power source. According to his sons, Lester's notes were lost. _{[31] (http://www.eskimo.com/~billb/freenrg/hender.txt) [32] (http://geoffegel.tripod.com/hender.htm) [33] (http://geoffreyegel.tripod.com/batfree.htm) [34] (http://www.gewo.applet.cz/earth/grid/hubbard.htm)}
• On March 8, 1928, Edgar Cayce in Chicago, Illinois, describes "Motors with no Fuel" (Reading 4665-1)._{[35] (http://www.keelynet.com/interact/archive/00000260.htm) [36] (http://all-ez.com/nofuel1.htm)}
• After the 1940s, Howard Robert Johnson develops a permanent magnet motor. He receives a US patent, US4151431, on April 24, 1979. There is little information about the ultimate fate of his device. _{[37] (http://jnaudin.free.fr/html/johnmot.htm) [38] (http://www.newebmasters.com/freeenergy/index.shtml) [39] (http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=/netahtml/srchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=4151431.WKU.&OS=PN/4151431&RS=PN/4151431)[40] (http://www.roperld.com/science/LinearMotor.pdf)}

1951 to 1980

• Viktor Schauberger claimed to have discovered some special vortex energy in water. Since his death in 1958, people are still studying his works. _{[41] (http://www.frank.germano.com/viktorschauberger.htm)}

Electrical circuit as explained in Potter's "Methernitha Back-Engineered" article.

• Paul Bauman, a German engineer, develops a machine referred to as the "Testatika". The devices operation has been recorded as far back as 1960s at a place called Methernitha (near Berne, Switzerland). Supposedly, the community benefits from the invention. _{[42] (http://www.methernitha.com)}
• In 1962, Richard Feynman postulated about a Brownian ratchet that would extract meaningful work from the Brownian motion, though he went on to demonstrate how such a device would fail to work in practice.
• In 1966, Joseph Papf (sometimes referred to as Joseph Papp) supposedly developed an alternative car engine. He gained a few investors and produced a demonstration but, during this showing, an observer was killed. Papf blamed the problem on an investigating pseudo-skeptic. He disappeared shortly thereafter. Richard Feynman recounted one story about Mr. Papf's Perpetual Motion machine. _{[43] (http://www.indian-skeptic.org/html/fey1.htm) [44] (http://www.museumofhoaxes.com/comments/papparticle2.html) [45] (http://www.greaterthings.com/News/FreeEnergy/Directory/Inventors/JosephPapp/)}
• Guido Franch reportedly had a process of transmuting water atoms into high-octane gasoline compounds (named Mota fuel) that would decrease the price of gasoline down to 8 cents per gallon. This process involved a green powder (this claim may be related to the similar ones of John Andrews (1917)). He was brought to court for fraud in 1954 but acquitted; but in 1973 was convicted. Justice William Bauer and Justice Philip Romiti both observed a demonstration in the 1954 case. _{[46] (http://www.straightdope.com/classics/a2_399.html) [47] (http://befreetech.com/energysuppression.htm) [48] (http://quanthomme.free.fr/energielibre/systemes/PageChercheurAEC2.htm) [49] (http://www.rexresearch.com/franch/franch.htm)}
• In 1958, Otis Carr from Oklahoma, formed a company to manufacture UFO-styled spaceships and hovercrafts. Carr sold stock for this commercial endeavor. He also promoted free energy machines . He claimed inspiration from Nikola Tesla, among others. As of 2004, his devices are being used by Dennis Lee (inventor). _{[50] (http://www.keelynet.com/gravity/carr3.htm) [51] (http://www.rexresearch.com/carr/1carr.htm) [52] (http://www2.ocn.ne.jp/~alloy/Fe01.htm)}
• David McClintock claimed to use air as a fuel and had a patent (US2982261 [registered to a Cleo L. McClintock]). The "McClintock Air Motor" is described as a hybrid between a diesel engine and a rotary engine. It, reportedly, consumed no conventional fuel and was self-running (driving an internal air compressor). The device had three cylinders with a compression ratio of 27 to 1, generated high torque outputs, produced heat, and had a solar and planetary gears. _{[53] (http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=/netahtml/srchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=2982261.WKU.&OS=PN/2982261&RS=PN/2982261) [54] (http://colossus2.cvl.bcm.tmc.edu/~wje/free_energy/mcelwaine.txt) [55] (http://www.sumeria.net/free/mcelw.html)}
• Edwin V. Gray reportedly develops a Electro-Magnetic Association (EMA) Motor. Skeptical investigation to examine the device was denied (and no neutral or knowledgeable person has tested the device. Skeptics state that the device contains 'depleted' batteries). Supposedly, he unethically raises funding from investors. Gray died in April, 1989, under mysterious circumstances. _{[56] (http://www.free-energy.cc/graybio.html) [57] (http://www.free-energy.cc/gray.html) [58] (http://www.rexresearch.com/evgray/1gray.htm) [59] (http://www.keelynet.com/evgray/tb1.htm)}
• In 1977, Arnold Burke, a religious man, develops device referred to as "Jeremiah 33:3" (the biblical passage reads "Call to me, and I will answer you, and will tell you great and hidden things which you have not known"). Burke collects $800,000 in investments for his "self acting pump". In 1979, an open test is conducted and the investigators reportedly discover a hidden power source of electricity. Burke and associates later raise $250,000 to pay for a fraud conviction. Burke still claims his device operates. _{[60] (http://www.phact.org/e/z/Perpmtn2.htm)}
• In 1977, Robert George Adams (of New Zealand) develops the Adams Motor. Adams has a lot of theories about the Aether and continues to debate theory. He has sought to receive patents on his work (and has received a UK Patent, GB2282708, with Aspden Harold). Debates over the motor's power measurement still exist. Around 80 years old, Adams is said to have a scientific education and has talked over areas of alternative physics. _{[61] (http://www.aethmogen.com/) [62] (http://www.rexresearch.com/adamotor/adamotor.htm) [63] (http://l2.espacenet.com/espacenet/abstract?CY=gb&LG=en&PNP=GB2282708&PN=GB2282708&CURDRAW=1&DB=EPD&DRDB=EP1) [64] (http://www.energyscience.co.uk/le/le08.htm) [65] (http://www.geocities.com/theadamsmotor/cdmotor.html) [66] (http://jnaudin.free.fr/html/admsv41.htm) [67] (http://jlnlabs.online.fr/projects/pod/index.htm) [68] (http://members.tripod.com/simplemotor/kit6.htm) [69] (http://www.icehouse.net/john1/idea.html) [70] (http://www-personal.umich.edu/~reginald/adams.html) [71] (http://users.commspeed.net/tbabbitt/Adams.htm)}
• In 1978, Robert Stewart developed a freon machine which could operate at the freezing point from vaporation by radiant heat for a closed cycle engine. The vapor does not condense to liquid to start the cycle over again, however, thus making the system inoperable. This design may be related to John Gamgee's work (1882). Stewart reportedly gained over $3,000,000 of investment money (much from farmers). Stewart later disappeared.
• Rory Johnson, of Elgin, Illinois, claims development of a magnetic motor that operates by a cold fusion, laser-activated process. The device weighed 475 lb (215 kg). The fuel source was said to have been 2 lb (1 kg) of deuterium. The device reportedly produces 525 hp (391 kW). Johnson stated that it would drive a large truck or bus 100,000 miles (160,000 km). Johnson entered into several contracts over his device. Johnson later moved all his lab equipment to California and died shortly afterwards. _{[72] (http://www.electrifyingtimes.com/erik_masen_suppression.html) [73] (http://users.rcn.com/zap.dnai/zeropoint/rorymotr.txt)}
• In 1978, R. Jeseph Maglich, a physicist, claims development of an overunity device which brought under control and put to use fusion power from sea water. This may be related to the fusion generator developed first by Doctor Bogdan Maglish at Princeton, New Jersey (in 1973). _{[74] (http://yarchive.net/nuke/migma_fusion.html) [75] (http://www.ibiblio.org/pub/academic/physics/Cold-fusion/fd-latest/thruFD3267) [76] (http://www.nuenergy.org/alt/maglich.htm) [77] (http://www.hienergyinc.com/company/bio_maglich.htm)}
• Keith Kenyon claims development of an overunity device. Calculations seemed to not take power factor (also known as phase angle) into account. Demonstration never openly hooked up the output to its input.
• Bill Muller and Carmen Muller, both of Germany, develop "The Muller Motor - Generator". They raise investments for the device. Reportedly, no demonstration and examination of a working model has taken place. _{[78] (http://www.theverylastpageoftheinternet.com/menu/muller.htm) [79] (http://www.hcrs.at/MULLER.HTM) [80] (http://www.geocities.com/koneheadx/mullerplategenerator.html)}
• Stephen Walker begins promoting a permanent magnet motor. As of November 2002, Stephen claims working samples will be available by mail. By December 12 of that same year, Stephen rescinds the offer (contact unavailable). As of 2004, again is promising the device. _{[81] (http://www.greaterthings.com/News/FreeEnergy/Directory/Howard_Johnson_Motor/How2/) [82] (http://www.greaterthings.com/News/FreeEnergy/Directory/Howard_Johnson_Motor/How2/Stephen_back.htm) [83] (http://www.greaterthings.com/News/Tilley/fraud/Stephen/index.html)}

1981 to 1999

• In 1984, Joseph Newman claims development of a free energy device based, reportedly, on alternative physics. Newman sued the U.S. patent office to recognize his device. Previous analysis of the device incorrectly measured the true power output of the machine. Calculation for power did not account for the non-sinusoidal current consumption. Newman, initially open to testing, now (reportedly) refuses to ship a unit for testing. In the 1970s, Newman presented a week-long demonstration in the Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans (attended by 9,000 people from across the country). Newman is suing some former investors, who, he claims, are trying to steal the design.
• The date 1984 appears on this page (http://www.totse.com/en/fringe/free_energy/nrk87.html) describing the Kromery converter, which purports to exploit resonance effects to cause a lead-acid battery to recharge itself. Glowing claims are made for its performance. However, the "explanation" given for the operation of the converter is scientifically illiterate, incoherent rubbish, and the tests described on the page are meaningless.
• In 1985, Greg Watson of Australia claims the development of the Simple Magnetic Overunity Toy (SMOT). In the SMOT, a steel ball is pulled up a ramp by magnetism and then falls, so the magnetic energy is converted into kinetic energy. Watson claims that an effect called "regauging" then happens, allowing the process to be repeated without the application of outside energy. In 1997, he sells kits for the device. Skeptics state that attempts at replication have failed. Reportedly, investors were not able to regain their investments.
• John Bedini claimed development of several free energy devices. Bedini has, reportedly, refused to allow independent investigation. _{[84] (http://www.fortunecity.com/greenfield/bp/16/bedid.htm) [85] (http://www.keelynet.com/bedmot/fullpress.htm) [86] (http://www.icehouse.net/john1/index11.html) [87] (http://www.theverylastpageoftheinternet.com/ElectromagneticDev/bedini/bedindualbatteryi.htm) [88] (http://www.keelynet.com/bedmot/bedbear.htm) [89] (http://www.icehouse.net/john1/) [90] (http://www.fortunecity.com/greenfield/bp/16/bedpic.htm)}
• In 1986, Bruce De Palma claimed development of an overunity machine (referred to as the "N-Machine" or "N Machine") that was described as a closed path Homopolar generator with output four times more power than consumed. It used a one-piece rotor rather than today's conventional two piece rotor and stator electric generators. It was basically a magnetized gyroscope. De Palma has been unwilling to help independent investigators, like PSITRON, analyze his device. One Electrical Engineering professor analysed this device, but skeptics claim the investigation contained a measurement error. De Palma was an associate of Richard C. Hoagland. De Palma died in 1997. _{[91] (http://depalma.pair.com/) [92] (http://www.rexresearch.com/depalma/depalma.htm) [93] (http://www.enterprisemission.com/hyper2a.php) [94] (http://www.borderlands.de/projects.n-machine.php3) [95] (http://quanthomme.free.fr/energielibre/energie/MG_PalmaKawai1.htm) [96] (http://www.monstein.de/paraphysics/C_Generator/CGeni.htm) [97] (http://geoffreyegel.tripod.com/invent.htm) [98] (http://www.mufor.org/nmachine.html)}

• Since 1988, Dennis Lee promises to demonstrate free electricity. Lee claims possession of a Fischer engine, a Counter Rotating Device (CRD) device, and an overunity motor. Lee has a mixture of religious and extremist political beliefs. Lee has invested in John Searl's endeavors, Stanley Meyer's endeavors, and, in 2001, joined Paul Pantone in a US state tour. Tom Napier believes Lee's device may have resurrected Gamgee's designs (1881). _{[99] (http://www.phact.org/e/dennis17.htm)}
• Stephan Marinov, a Russian physicist, claims the development of free energy machine. Marinov, supposedly, measured absolute speed and direction of the Milky Way inside a closed room by "first means" and "third means". Marinov states that he was contacted by the Methernitha "cult" and discovered their secret. Before releasing the information, he committed suicide on July 15, 1997._{[100] (http://www.padrak.com/ine/PAPPAS_SM.html) [101] (http://killdevilhill.com/physicschat/messages2/4569.html)}
• Reidar Finsrud of Skaarer, Norway, claims development of a sculpture where a metal ball moves for weeks with no outside influence. _{[102] (http://www.keelynet.com/energy/finsrud.htm) [103] (http://www.theverylastpageoftheinternet.com/magneticDev/finsrud/finsrud.htm) [104] (http://www.keelynet.com/energy/finsrud2.txt) [105] (http://www.keelynet.com/energy/finsrud3.txt) [106] (http://www.ch190.thinkquest.hostcenter.ch/beispiele/magnetismus/index.html) [107] (http://www.freeenergy.co.za/3know/seen/perpetual%20motion%20machine/perpetual%20motion%20machine.htm) [108] (http://www.padrak.com/ine/FINSRUD1.html)}
• Dr. Yuri S. Potapov of Kishinev, Moldova, claims development of (and subsequently sold) an overunity electrothermal water-based generator (referred to as "Yusmar 1"). He founded the YUSMAR company to promote his device. Reportedly, the device did not work and investors were not able to regain their investments. _{[109] (http://english.pravda.ru/main/2001/09/19/15591.html) [110] (http://www.earthtech.org/experiments/) [111] (http://www.planetarymysteries.com/energy/ie.html) [112] (http://www.padrak.com/ine/CSOURCES.html)}
• Yule Brown of Australia claimed the development of Brown's Gas. Reportedly, he gains many investors over several years. Brown died in 1998. _{[113] (http://www.phact.org/e/bgas.htm) [114] (http://www.amasci.com/weird/bgf1.html) [115] (http://bwt.jeffotto.com/avail_now/bg.htm) [116] (http://www.keelynet.com/energy/oxyhyd3.htm) [117] (http://www.energyoptions.com/tech/browns.html) [118] (http://www.eagle-research.com/browngas/fabuses/possib.html)}
• CETI claimed development of a device that outputs anomalous (yet small) amounts of heat - maybe cold fusion. CETI, reportedly, has raised millions from investors. Skeptics state that inaccurate measure for friction effects from the cooling flow through the pellets may be responsible for the data. Jed Rothwell (editor of Infinite Energy Magazine) states that "tests with CETI cells at Motorola, SRI and the French Atomic Energy Commission show no measurable friction. _{[119] (http://www.math.ucla.edu/~barry/CF/CETIX.html) [120] (http://www.padrak.com/ine/CFARNOSIX.html) [121] (http://www.phact.org/e/skeptic/ceti.htm)}
• Paramahamsa Tewari of India claimed development of a device that is 200% efficient generator. (Skeptics claim his measurement is questionable). _{[122] (http://www.phact.org/e/z/tewari.htm) [123] (http://www.tewari.org/) [124] (http://www.rexresearch.com/tewari/tewari.htm) [125] (http://depalma.pair.com/Tewari/Tpatent.html) [126] (http://antigravitypower.tripod.com/FreeEnergy/p.tewari.html)}
• Bruce Perreault has claimed to have discovered a new element, developed the plasmatron, designed an ion pump, and is developing several radiant energy devices. _{[127] (http://www.nuenergy.org/) [128] (http://www.nuscam.com/bap.htm) [129] (http://www.nuscam.com/) [130] (http://www.nuenergy.org/iw/2003/perreault2003.htm)}
• Brian Collin of Australia claims he received a revelation from God that inspired him to make a free energy device. Investors have not been able to recoup their funding (around $80,000). No information is available (as of 2004) as to if the design was tested.
• Around 1990, Don Watts of Las Vegas, claimed development of the Centrifugal Energy Amplification and Conversion Unit (CEACU). Rumors state that there was a patent for the device. Reportedly, the devices was part of an investment fraud scheme. _{[131] (http://www.keelynet.com/energy/clem1.htm) [132] (http://www.keelynet.com/energy/clem3.htm) [133] (http://www3.sympatico.ca/slavek.krepelka/gismos/clem1.htm)}
• During the 1990s, Kawai and Takahashi, both of Japan, claimed to have independently developed magnetic motors. These have been reportedly evaluated by Magnetic Power, Inc. Neither device tested has proven to function as overunity under load, according to the investigators. Skeptics state that it did nothing more than drain batteries. Reportedly, there are patents issued in Japan for both the Takahashi engine and the Kawai engine. The Takahashi engine is, supposedly, being used in a motor-scooter that can be driven long range on one battery (at around 50 mph). As of last reports, production has began on the engine and the inventor is scaling up the motor to drive automobiles. _{[134] (http://www.keelynet.com/interact/Arc_1_98-7_98/00000765.htm) [135] (http://www.hsv.com/writers/bearden/flash/flash.htm) [136] (http://www.datadiwan.de/SciMedNet/library/articlesN69+/N70newenergy.htm) [137] (http://www.cheniere.org/correspondence/070301.htm) [138] (http://www.cheniere.org/correspondence/101303.htm) [139] (http://www.cheniere.org/correspondence/051903a.htm) [140] (http://www.cheniere.org/correspondence/022601.htm) [141] (http://www.explorepub.com/articles/beardon/overunity.html)}
• In 1991, Troy Reed of Oklahoma claimed development of a small permanent magnet motor prototype (and, later, a larger unit). The device consists of permanent magnets placed on four disks (eight each). Two outer disks are stationary. Two inner ones are mounted on a common rotating shaft. Reed has issued licences for manufacturing the motor and received investment money for the overunity device. _{[142] (http://www.free-energy.cc/background.html) [143] (http://www.geocities.com/Area51/Shadowlands/6583/project114.html) [144] (http://www.luisprada.com/Protected/the_world_of_free_energy.htm) [145] (http://quanthomme.free.fr/energielibre/energie/MG_ReedWerjefelt1.htm)}
• In 1996, Stanley Meyer of Fayette County, Ohio, claims development of a water powered car. Meyer has obtained over 28 patents. Meyer has a mixture of Christianity and patriotic politics intertwined with protoscience theory. Meyer was convicted of fraud (after testing a Water Fuel Cell before an Ohio judge). Meyer was not prosecuted for the invention, but for selling "dealerships". Meyer refused independent measurement and investigation of his device. Meyers died in early 1998. _{[146] (http://home.pacific.net.au/~apophis/wfc.html) [147] (http://www.padrak.com/ine/NEN_4_11_1.html) [148] (http://www.rexresearch.com/meyerhy/meyerhy.htm) [149] (http://quanthomme.free.fr/carburant/WFCMeyer.htm) [150] (http://geoffreyegel.tripod.com/content1.htm) [151] (http://www.alkalizeforhealth.net/hybridcars.htm) [152] (http://homepages.ihug.co.nz/~wayfarer/anomaly/technology/runswater_trans.htm) [153] (http://www.wasserauto.de/html/stanley_meyer.html) [154] (http://www.fortunecity.com/greenfield/bp/16/stanleymeyer.htm)}
• In January 1998, Barbara Hickox of New Mexico announces the possession of the patent US4249096, Electric Dynamo (1981). The device consists of a central rotating helix non-conductive cylinder into which small cylindrical permanent magnets are placed (one pole outward). The cost of the systems, reportedly, totals around $7500. Hickox reportedly developed the device with Howard Hughes and his test pilot. Skeptics state that the system is based on "fusion power". _{[155] (http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=/netahtml/srchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=4249096.WKU.&OS=PN/4249096&RS=PN/4249096) [156] (http://www.geocities.com/Area51/Shadowlands/6583/project114.html) [157] (http://www.keelynet.com/unclass/lost1.htm)}
• In 1999, Sanjay Amin of Youngstown, Ohio, established Entropy Systems Inc. (ESI). The company received $3.5 million dollar investment for a device that is claimed to violate the second law of thermodynamics, producing power by absorbing heat from atmospheric air (and that external reservoir can be at any temperature (even sub-zero)). The technology had been patented in the United States, Europe, and Australia. The technology has been tested by experts at the Ford Motor Company, Youngstown University, Purdue University, and