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Today is Saturday, May 17, 2008

For a discussion of technology, see PowerPedia:Waste to Energy

Description 

Index of organizations and processes that use garbage, sewage, unusable crop and other waste products to generate energy efficiently and cleanly.

Graphic by FirmGreen™ (http://firmgreen.com/tech_main.htm), with permission.

OBJECTIVE 

Present a prioritized listing of the best resources and most promising up-coming technologies. Take into mind such things as overall efficiency of converting waste to energy while neutralizing any toxicity that might reside in the waste. With input from knowledgeable people worldwide, this page can become the most reliable and helpful place to find solutions to waste problems, from home to industry to large cities.

What To Do With All This Waste? Part 1 (http://www.renewableenergyaccess.com/rea/news/story?id=50652) - A look at two industry leaders: BlueFire Ethanol and Waste Management, which runs 103 of the 425 landfill gas thermal electric operations in the U.S.
What To Do With All This Waste? Part 2 (http://www.renewableenergyaccess.com/rea/news/story?id=50656) - A look at companies that are converting fecal waste from cows, horses, pigs and other livestock into energy. (Renewable Energy Access; Nov. 26, 27, 2007)

Table of contents

1 Video 2 Overviews 3 Featured 4 Articles 5 Interviews 6 Reports 7 Going Commercial 7.1 Large-Scale Waste Recovery in Operation 7.2 Municipal Solutions Presently Available 8 Entrepreneurs 9 Animal and Crop Waste Processing 10 Government & Politics 11 Multi-Purpose 12 Municipal Waste-to-Energy Research & Development 13 Non-Energy Related 14 Nuclear Waste to Energy 15 Patents 16 Plastics 17 Repurposing 18 Research & Development 19 More 20 Tire Waste 21 Waste Water 22 Financing 22.1 Simpson 23 Directories 1 See also

Video

(3:01 minutes)

• Waste to Energy -- an Overview (YouTube (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iioOVevReOs); Jan. 16, 2008)

Overviews

• Video: Waste to Energy -- an Overview (3:01 minutes) - A brief video by PES Network introduces the concept of cost-effectively turning garbage and sewage into energy, either as electricity or as fuel. Addresses methane harvesting, plasma, solar, and catalytic pressureless depolymerization. (PESWiki; Jan. 16, 2008)
  

• The Story of Stuff (http://www.storyofstuff.com) - Brilliant, entertaining, must-see, 20-minute video/cartoon by Annie Leonard describes the problems with the status quo linear supply chain, driven by consumerism, which is unsustainable and self-destructive; and encourages a renewable, responsible, self-sustaining, cyclical approach. (StoryofStuff.com)
  

Featured

Top 100:

• MagneGas Plasma Arc Flow Reactors - MagneGas Technology has been developed to process liquid wastes into a clean burning fuel known as magnegas, plus heat and other usable byproducts, said processing occurring without noise, liquid, gaseous or other pollutions. New discoveries of science involved.
  

Top 100:

• Geoplasma LLC to turn dumps in electricity and roads - Company's technology converts landfills into electricity and roads, by vaporizing garbage at temperatures hotter than parts of the sun. Lightning-like plasma arcs turn trash into gas and rock-like material.
  

Articles

• Energy That Cleans Up (http://www.technologyreview.com/articles/rnb_032204.asp?trl=nl) - A fuel cell fueled by microbes in wastewater also cleans the water. (MIT Technology Review; Mar. 22, 2004)
• Trash Talkers Tout 'Ray-Gun' to Zap Rubbish (http://www.nypost.com/news/regionalnews/60054.htm) - NY Post article on Startech Environmental of Connecticut. Estimated time to market: 10 years. (Oct. 20, 2002)
• 'Waste to Energy Review (http://www.pollutionengineering.com/CDA/ArticleInformation/features/BNP__Features__Item/0,6649,145501,00.html) - Overview of methanol extraction practices in use. Also gives biodeisel considerations. (Pollution Engineering; Michigan; Mar. 1, 2005)
• California to Argentina on Vegetable Oil (http://thestar.com.my/lifestyle/story.asp?file=/2004/7/27/features/8296992&sec=features) - Family tanks up on waste grease collected from restaurants along the way through 11 country promotional tour. (The Star; July 27, 2004)
• Power Proposal Stinks (http://www.sky.com/skynews/article/0,,30000-13156768,00.html) - "Poo power" could soon be used to light up London's Science Museum as bosses consider recycling the contents of its loos. (Sky News; July 15, 2004)
• Japan facility powers homes and melts snow with kitchen garbage (http://www.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/getarticle.pl5?nb20040910a8.htm) - SUNAGAWA, Hokkaido (Kyodo) A garbage-processing center in Japan gets the electricity it needs to operate all year round from kitchen waste, and can process 10 tons of refuse per day. The heat produced at Clean Plaza Kurukuru can also melt the snow on the city's streets during winter. (Japan Times, Sept. 10, 2004)

Interviews

The following 55-minute interviews were conducted by Sterling D. Allan as part of the Free Energy Now (http://freeenergynow.net) radio series.

• Download (http://pesn.com/Radio/Free_Energy_Now/recordings/2008/080114_FrankPringle_GlobalResourceCorp.mp3) (13 mb; mp3) - Frank Pringle, Global Resource Corp, has invented and refined an efficient microwave energy process to turn plastics, discarded tires, and other carbon-based substances such as shale, coal, and tar sands into gas and oil. (Jan. 14, 2008)
  

• Download (http://pesn.com/Radio/Free_Energy_Now/recordings/2007/071210_PaulPabor_WasteManagement.mp3) (13 mb; mp3) - Paul Pabor, VP of Renewable Energy, Waste Management (http://www.wm.com/thinkgreen), the company that comes around to haul off garbage, is increasingly turning some of that garbage into energy -- enough to power over one million homes -- the equivalent of 14 million barrels of oil per year or 3.6 million tons of coal. And the company has a goal to double that amount to 2 million homes by 2020. (Dec. 10, 2007)
  

• Download (http://pesn.com/Radio/Free_Energy_Now/recordings/2007/071126_TomBeck_SHEC_Labs.mp3) (13 mb; mp3) - Tom Beck, CEO of SHEC Labs talks about how his company is in process of installing their first commercial facility in Regina, SK Canada that will take the methane from the landfill and convert it to hydrogen using solar power, eliminating the methane by producing a valuable fuel. (Nov. 26, 2007)
  

• Download (http://pesn.com/Radio/Free_Energy_Now/recordings/2007/071008_MikeMcLaren_W2Energy.mp3) (13 mb; mp3) - Mike McLaren of W2Energy describes their biomass plasma reactor for plasma assisted conversion of biomass to liquid fuel. It efficiently produces green energy, both fuel (sulfur free diesel) and electricity, using the plasma as a high temperature catalyst. Company also has a patented rotary engine/ positive displacement pump energy system. (Oct. 8, 2007)
  

• Download (http://pesn.com/Radio/Free_Energy_Now/recordings/2007/070310_StarTech_JoeLongo.mp3) (13 mb; mp3) - Joe Longo, President, CEO, StarTech, which converts trash to energy using a plasma process (featured in Popular Science (http://www.popsci.com/popsci/science/873aae7bf86c0110vgnvcm1000004eecbccdrcrd.html), March 2007). (Mar. 10, 2007)
  

• Download (http://pesn.com/Radio/Free_Energy_Now/recordings/2006/060826_MagneGas_Ruggero_Santilli.mp3) (13 mb; mp3) - Dr. Ruggero Maria Santilli of MagneGas, describes their process of producing fuel from waste using a plasma process. (Aug. 26, 2006)

Reports

• WasteReports.com - Independent, up-to-date reviews of novel waste processing technologies covering operational reliability, economics and environmental performance. Reviews of individual proprietary processes, Executive Briefings that consider the role for the new technology families, and Information Sheets.
  

Going Commercial

Large-Scale Waste Recovery in Operation

What To Do With All This Waste? Part 1 (http://www.renewableenergyaccess.com/rea/news/story?id=50652) - A look at two industry leaders: BlueFire Ethanol and Waste Management, which runs 103 of the 425 landfill gas thermal electric operations in the U.S.

• BlueFire Ethanol (http://bluefireethanol.com/) - BlueFire's use of the Concentrated Acid Hydrolysis Process Technology (Arkenol (http://www.arkenol.com/)) positions it as the only cellulose-to-ethanol company worldwide with demonstrated production of ethanol from urban trash, rice and wheat straws, wood waste and other agricultural residues.
  

• FirmGreen™ Energy, Inc. (http://firmgreen.com/) - FirmGreen’s landfill gas-to-energy program involves a multi-faceted approach to energy development, producing ethanol, methanol and biodiesel, in addition to the conventional electric and pipeline gas commodities.
  

• Waste Management Inc (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_Management,_Inc) - runs 103 of the 425 landfill gas thermal electric operations in the U.S. Waste Management Taps Clean Power From Garbage (http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/42842/story.htm) - Waste Management Inc. (http://www.wm.com/) said it will speed up its tapping of gas from rotting garbage to generate clean power from 60 landfills over five years. Waste Management will bring turbines to the landfills to generate more than 700 megawatts of power a year, or enough power for about 700,000 homes. (Reuters; June 28, 2007)
  

• Japanese Power Plant Fueled with Sewage Certified Efficient, Grid-Safe and Ultra-Clean (http://pesn.com/2006/03/29/9600254_DFC_Plant_fueled_by_Sewage_Digester/) - Independent Japanese industry group validates Direct FuelCell use in wastewater treatment; certification expected to streamline process of marketing future DFC sales in Japan. (PESN; Mar. 29, 2006)
  

• Changing World Technologies (http://www.changingworldtech.com/) -Specializes in waste-to-energy (http://www.changingworldtech.com/what/index.asp), with two plants in operation. Energy and environmental service company that provides funding and management expertise; aimed at providing energy independence. Mission is to identify, introduce and commercialize environment-friendly energy technologies to the international marketplace.
  

• Fairchild International Corp. Announces Discovery of Almost Unlimited Inexpensive Natural Gas Substitute (http://pesn.com/2005/05/16/6900096_Syngas/) - No airborne emissions from inexpensive process that creates gas from biomass, waste wood, and low-grade coal. (PESN; May 16, 2005)
  

• Sweden is gathering methane from its landfills (http://www.exn.ca/dailyplanet/view.asp?date=4/29/2005#) - 70 landfills around the country run turbines on methane; engough to power 50,000 households, refuse trucks, 60 government cars. Also, the steam from the turbines heats homes and three greenhouses. (DiscoveryChannel.ca; April 29, 2005)
  

• Energy Products of Idaho (EPI) (http://www.energyproducts.com/) - World leader in atmospheric fluidized bed combustion technology with more than 81 installations world wide, and over 5 million hours of operating experience. EPI has completed energy systems operating on a wider variety of fuels than any any other fluid bed supplier in the world. Waste input: agriculture, wood, paper, livestock, fossil fuels, RDF (refuse), industrial, sewage. Output: electricity, steam/hot water, thermal fluids, hot gas for dryer.
  

• Naanovo Energy Inc.: Waste to Energy Solutions (http://www.naanovo.com/) - A world leader in biomass and municipal solid waste incineration technology, as well as new and innovative waste-heat to energy technologies.
  

• $300,000,000 plant in Mexico signed (http://www.naanovo.com/) - Each of Naanovo Energy's 12 modules being installed can handle 180 tons of municipal waste/day, reducing volume below 10% and weight to 20%, and dispatching 146,000 gallons of water per day. Total generative capacity: 6 MW minimum. (BusinessWire; May 23, 2005)
  

• Barlow Projects, Inc. (http://www.barlowprojects.com/) - Waste-to-Energy plant systems convert trash or biomass into steam and/or electricity. 5 Years in operation.
  

• Renewable Environmental Solutions (http://www.res-energy.com/index.asp) - Joint venture with Changing World Technologies. In May, Renewable Environmental Solutions said its first commercial plant is selling oil produced from agricultural waste. The plant currently produces 100 to 200 barrels of oil per day. Converts hydrocarbons and organic wastes into clean solid, liquid and gaseous alternative fuels and specialty chemicals. (See technology description) (http://www.res-energy.com/technology/index.asp)
  

• Global Finest (http://peswiki.com/index.php/Directory:Global_Finest) - Company offers a number of revolutionary earth-friendly technologies including depolymerization of waste products into usable fuel, recycling used tires
  

• GM Facilities Steam comes from Landfill Gas (http://www.renewableenergyaccess.com/rea/news/story?id=22428) - Landfill gas is used for steam operations at seven General Motors assembly plants. (Renewable Energy Access; Feb. 14, 2005)
  

• I Never Used Dead Cats for Fuel (http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/32513/story.htm) - A German inventor said he has developed a method (KDV 500 (http://www.nanokat.net/45801/index.html)) to produce crude oil products from waste that he believes can be an answer to the soaring costs of fuel, but denied a German newspaper story implying he also used dead cats. (Reuters; Sept. 7, 2005)
  

• Integrated Environmental Technologies, LLC (http://www.inentec.com/) - Plasma Enhanced Melter (PEM) systems.
  

• GEM CANADA Waste to Energy (http://www.gemcanadawaste.com/) - Uses thermal cracking technology without combustion, chimneys, dioxins, furans or fly ash. Accepts municipal solid waste, tires, plastic, motor oil, wood, sewer sludge, animal waste. 1.5 tons per hour; 24/7. Approx. 1 MW produced per ton.
  

• StarTech: Plasma Technologies (http://www.startech.net/plasma.html) - 30,000°F (3x surface of sun temp) ionization causes waste material to revert to their elemental form. Molecular dissociation transforms any type of waste into hydrogen and other recyclable materials, with virtually no emissions. Bristol, Connecticut, USA firm has been demonstrating the technology since Jan. 2001. (ZPEnergy (http://www.zpenergy.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=898); Aug. 24, 2004)

• Nathaniel Energy (http://www.nathanielenergy.com/) - Proprietary Patented Technology, the "Thermal Combustor" (http://nathanielenergy.com/frame.cfm?SID=26&cat=technology), is used to convert waste streams - such as tires, municipal waste, plastics, agricultural crops and waste, wood wastes, and many other forms of waste that would otherwise end up in a landfill - into energy. Funded company is fulfilling orders for installations internationally.
  

• Japan facility powers homes and melts snow with kitchen garbage (http://www.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/getarticle.pl5?nb20040910a8.htm) - Garbage-processing center in Japan gets the electricity it needs from kitchen waste; can process 10 tons of refuse per day. The heat produced can also melt the snow on the city's streets during winter. (Japan Times, Sept. 10, 2004)
  

• Hot Trash-To-Fuel Technology Gathering Steam (http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/24028/story.htm) - Got garbage? Toxic trash? Zap it with a torch three times hotter than the sun and gather the resulting gas to fuel pollution-free cars and home power units. (Reuters; Feb. 27, 2004)
  

• The Planet Group (http://www.planetgroup.co.uk/Gasification%20Overview.htm) - Planet Group waste technologies feature the advanced thermal treatment of waste, with energy recovery. BOS Gasification is modular, proven and efficient for MSW, industrial, clinical waste and much more.?
  

• ThermoEnergy (http://www.thermoenergy.com/clean.htm) - Patented ThermoEnergy Integrated Power System (TIPS) is designed to increase efficiency of fossil fuel plants, without air emissions. Company does retrofits as well as new installs.
  

• Landfill gas a great source of energy (http://www.venturacountystar.com/vcs/opinion/article/0,1375,VCS_125_3423148,00.html) - Three California landfills together produce 5.5 MW of power. (Ventura County Star (subscription); Dec. 26, 2004)
  

• rotten garbage into gold (http://www.sltrib.com/business/ci_2687446Turning) - Methane from Trans-Jordan, Utah landfill may pump out enough to run 3 megawatt turbine; prototype testing under way. 10-year return on investment hoped. (Salt Lake Tribune; April 27, 2005)
  

Municipal Solutions Presently Available

• W2 Energy Birthing Affordable, Renewable Petrol - Imagine a gasoline and diesel source that is CO2 neutral, sulfur-free, derived from renewable sources, superior in its power performance to fossil-based fuels, and costs less than 1/7 of fossil-based fuels. The company has also built an engine to optimize use of the syngas portion of the product.
  

• StarTech Environmental Corp Plasma Tech - Startech is the only publicly traded waste-to-energy plasma arc technology company in the world. They presently have three 5 ton/day installations in operation, with a number of other plants in various stages of implementation. A 200 ton/day plant being scheduled for Panama will be the largest such plant in the world.
  

• MagneGas Plasma Arc Flow Reactors - MagneGas Technology has been developed to process liquid wastes into a clean burning fuel known as magnegas, plus heat and other usable byproducts, said processing occurring without noise, liquid, gaseous or other pollutions. New discoveries of science involved.
  

• Geoplasma LLC to turn dumps in electricity and roads - Company's technology converts landfills into electricity and roads, by vaporizing garbage at temperatures hotter than parts of the sun. Lightning-like plasma arcs turn trash into gas and rock-like material.
  

• GRC Microwave Turns Carbon Items into Oil and Gas - Frank Pringle of Global Resource Corp (GRC) has invented and refined an efficient microwave energy process to turn plastics, discarded tires, and other carbon-based substances such as shale, coal, and tar sands into gas and oil.
  

• PyroGenesis (http://www.pyrogenesis.com/) - Technologies which use the intense energy found in plasma to convert waste into energy and useful materials, treat a range of industrial, hazardous, clinical and municipal waste streams on land. PyroGenesis has also developed a specialty system designed to treat various waste streams on board ships.
  

• BRI Energy (http://www.brienergy.com/) - Technology for co-production of ethanol and electricity from organic wastes converts any carbonaceous material into fuel and other by-products without combustion. Gasification thermally decomposes organic material followed by fermentation with anaerobic bacteria to convert more than 90% of the feedstock.
  

• effenergy (http://www.effenergy.com/) - Distributed Environmental Power Systems (DEPS) use Thermal Transformation, a hybrid of pyrolysis and gasification, to re-form solid waste into heat, steam, electricity and synthetic fuels. The T2™ system generates its own operating power, producing clean emissions and reliable energy sources.
  

• Creating Ethanol from Trash (http://www.technologyreview.com/Energy/18084/) - A new system by Integrated Environmental Technologies (http://www.inentec.com/) for converting trash into ethanol using Plasma, could reduce the amount of waste in landfills while displacing fossil fuels used to power vehicles. The technology vaporizes organic materials to synthesize a variety of fuels at costs of between 10 and 95 cents per gallon. (MIT Technology Review; January 19, 2007)

• Plasco Energy Group (http://www.plascoenergygroup.com/) - Uses plasma gasification to convert municipal solid waste into an energy-rich “syngas�? fuel used to generate electricity. It can process virtually any waste materials with no pollution, including those with high moisture or carbon content. Plasma Gasification has been used to safely dispose of hazardous waste for the last twenty years.
  

• Solena Group (http://www.solenagroup.com/) - Plasma Gasification Vitrification process produces clean, renewable energy while addressing waste management needs, at temperatures upwards of 5,000° C, yet no combustion is involved. Solena technology can be applied on land and at sea for disposing of contaminated sludge, cleaning up coal fines, and developing sources of localized, "distributed" power.
  

• Organic Energy (http://www.organicenergy.ca/) - OE Gasification technology is applied in small-scale combined heat and power plants with a thermal output of 2–3 MW, low emissions and low ash. Each module can process up to 7,500 metric tons of solid waste per year, converting it into syngas, used by boilers to produce hot water, and to feed steam generators for the production of electricity.

• Plasma Environmental Technologies (http://www.plasmaenvironmental.com/) - Provides plasma-based systems for clean and cost-effective destruction of hazardous and non-hazardous waste. Plasma-Assisted Gasifier (PAG) is a cogeneration system that destroys solid organic wastes while producing "green" energy as heat, steam or electricity. PARCON (Plasma Arc Conversion) is a mobile waste treatment facility that safely destroys liquid and gaseous organic waste.

• Energy Products of Idaho (EPI) (http://www.energyproducts.com) - World leader in atmospheric fluidized bed combustion technology with more than 81 installations world wide, and over 5 million hours of operating experience. Waste input: agriculture, wood, paper, livestock, fossil fuels, RDF (refuse), industrial, sewage. Output: electricity, steam/hot water, thermal fluids, hot gas for dryer.

• MORE Municipal Solutions now available (http://FreeEnergy.GreaterThings.com/Directory/Waste2Energy/index.html#Large-Scale_Waste_Recovery_in_Operation)

• • Albert Inventors and Inventions (http://www.abheritage.ca/abinvents/inventions/inv_ot_intergrated_manure_utilization_system.htm)
  • U of A Engineer Magazine (http://www.engineering.ualberta.ca/uofaengineer/article.cfm?article=34509&issue=34329)
  • Alberta Beef Magazine (http://www.albertabeef.ca/displayarticle/?sel_record=1664)

• Acrion Technologies (http://www.acrion.com/) is a technology leader in landfill gas clean up and utilization. Using proprietary "green" CO2 Wash™ Technology to clean landfill gas, Acrion's process converts landfill methane to medium BTU gas, electricity, pipeline gas, LNG or methanol, and enables recovery of liquid carbon dioxide.

Entrepreneurs

• Turning Garbage into Gold (http://www.businessweek.com/smallbiz/content/aug2006/sb20060817_686232.htm?campaign_id=bier_smud) - Entrepreneurs are creating companies that exploit the creative opportunities in other people's junk, sparing the environment in the process. The article looks at green entrepreneurship in general and profiles some specific companies, whose products range from recycled printer cartridges to rubber sidewalks. (Business Week; August 17, 2006) (See Slashdot (http://slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=06/08/18/155234) discussion)
  

• EntropicEnergy.com (http://entropicenergy.com/) - Canadian company (not to be confused with Detroit company by same name) has a patent pending technology that can economically convert waste heat into electricity on a small scale (50 kW to 2 MW).
  

Animal and Crop Waste Processing

(Close to Home (http://www.gocomics.com/closetohome/); July 25, 2005 With permission from John McPherson)

What To Do With All This Waste? Part 2 (http://www.renewableenergyaccess.com/rea/news/story?id=50656) - A look at companies that are converting fecal waste from cows, horses, pigs and other livestock into energy. (Renewable Energy Access; Nov. 26, 27, 2007)

• Integrated Manure Utilization System (IMUS) (http://www.abheritage.ca/abinvents/inventions/inv_ot_intergrated_manure_utilization_system.htm) extracts methane from raw solid feedlot manure to fuel electrical generators that will produce one megawatt (one million watts) of electricity and has capacity to scale up to produce about three megawatts, typically that's enough power to supply electricity to a town of more than 5,000 people. The pilot plant opened in 2005 near Vegreville generates a considerable amount of electricity. The technology has been licensed to Highmark Renewables (http://www.highmark.ca/)
  

• Wasted Energy (http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/story?id=50656) - A look at companies that are converting fecal waste from cows, horses, pigs and other livestock into energy. (Renewable Energy Access; Nov. 26, 27, 2007)
  

• The fuel of the future? Say 'cheese' (http://www.fdlreporter.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20071104/FON03/711040504/1327) - Wisconsin entrepreneur Joe Van Groll's company, Grand Meadow Energy LLC, produces both ethanol and bio-diesel from waste from surrounding cheese plants and raw canola oil from a nearby farm. (FDL Reporter; Nov. 4, 2007)
  

• OLPC Experiments with Cow-powered Laptops (http://www.computerworld.com.au/index.php/id;1569766073;fp;16;fpid;1) - The One Laptop Per Child Project (OLPC) is toying with using cow manure to power for its low-cost XO laptops. (Computer World; Oct. 26, 2007) (See Slashdot discussion)
  

• Agripulp Unlimited (http://www.agripulp.com/) - Promotes the use of agricultural fibres for small-scale pulp and paper mills located in farming communities using Arbokem's (http://www.arbokem.com/nat_r/bioenergy.html) energy-efficient and ecologically-sound pulping technology. The process includes co-manufacturing of bioenergy, producing its own steam and power to run the plant. Chemicals leftover from the pulping process are returned to the soil as fertilizer for the crops.
  

• New Technology Turns Food Leftovers Into Electricity, Vehicle Fuels (http://www.physorg.com/news80922356.html) - Tons of table scraps from the Bay Area's restaurants will be turned into clean, renewable energy at a new UC Davis research and technology demonstration facility in league with Power Systems (http://www.onsitepowersystems.com/Onsite). Each ton is anticipated to produce enough energy to power 10 average California homes for one day. (PhysOrg; Oct. 24, 2006)
  

• Three cows can power two homes  (http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/36548/story.htm)- The gas from 875 cows in Wisconsin produces about 775 kilowatts of electricity, enough for about 600 homes, via Environmental Power Corp (http://www.environmentalpower.com/) digester tanks that harvest methane from rotting manure. (Reuters; May 26, 2006)
  

• JF BioEnergy Inc (http://www.jfbioenergy.biz/frames.html) - self-powered waste processing plant refines organic waste down to three marketable fuel products: charcoal, bio-oil, and bio-gas; while maintaining "carbon dioxide-neutral" emissions.
  

• Superior anaerobic digester technology unveiled (http://home.businesswire.com/portal/site/home/index.jsp?epi-content=REDIRECT&epi-process=process_redirect.jsp&mtitle=E-Mail+Headlines&ndmViewId=news_view&newsLang=en&newsId=20050616005067&div=428291328) - Waste from 800 milk cows said to be sufficient to power 600 homes using Danish technology, now being implemented by Microgy in the U.S. (BusinessWire; June 16, 2005)
  

• Agricultural Feedstock Contributes to Renewable Energy (http://www.renewableenergyaccess.com/rea/news/story?id=37197) - Intrepid Technology and Resources (http://www.intrepid.com/) reports benefits of waste processing. Manure to gas, to heating fuel; digested fiber to bedding and soil amendment commodities; processed water for irrigation and to bring influent manure to proper consistency; emission credits, organic compost, and processing other organic wastes (cheese whey, animal renderings) to produce supplemental gas; reduced waste handling operations, economical gas to power on-site operations, reductions in odor and nutrient loadings in effluent water and solids. (Renewable Energy Access; Sept. 29, 2005)
  

• GHD Inc. Turns Manure Into Power  (http://www.distributedpowersolutions.com/newsletter/newsletter.asp?t=108an7497&r=http://www.wisinfo.com/postcrescent/news/archive/local_15531668.shtml)- Agricultural waste is shoveled into underground anaerobic tank where the combination of heat and bacteria break it down into methane gas that is converted into electricity, solids that are used for bedding and soil enrichment and liquid nutrient that is used on crops.
  

• From Leftovers to Energy - UC Davis researchers are developing a strain of microbes that convert heavier waste such as food scraps or yard waste into biogas -- mostly methane and hydrogen (http://www.technologyreview.com/Biotech/18937/) - that can be burned to generate electricity or compressed into liquid to power specialized vehicles. (MIT Technology Review; June 18, 2007)
  

• Rivers of unwanted wine to turn into biofuel (http://www.edie.net/news/news_story.asp?id=11558&channel=0) - European vehicles will be running on distilled French and Italian wine again this summer as the upcoming season's surplus production from European vineyards is turned into biofuel. (Edie News Center; June 8, 2006)
  

• Indiana Town to Turn Stinking Hog Manure into Power (http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/32480/story.htm) - They cannot escape the stench, but residents of tiny Reynolds, Indiana, hope the oceans of hog manure produced nearby will power their homes and businesses some day soon. (Reuters; Sept. 13, 2005)
  

• Researchers convert farm waste to bio-oil (http://www.physorg.com/news73316403.html) - Samy Sadaka reached into a garbage bag, picked up a mixture of cow manure and corn stalks, let it run through his fingers. That mix of manure and corn stalks had spent 27 days breaking down in a special drying process. The end result looked like brown yard mulch with lots of thin fibers. (PhysOrg; July 28, 2006)
  

• Biomax 15 (http://www.sanmateocountytimes.com/Stories/0,1413,87~11271~2070391,00.html) - several residential prototypes being field tested. 30 lb. of wood can power a typical home for a day. (San Mateo County Times; April 8, 2004) See Google > Biomax 15 (http://www.google.com/search?sourceid=navclient&q=biomax+15)
  

• Hansen Energy Harnesses the Power of Poop  (http://www.sltrib.com/2003/Nov/11172003/utah/111753.asp)- Utah State University professor's prototype now ready for industry. Uses bacteria to break down waste; resulting methane gas is burned for electricity. 4,400 pigs put out 80 kW. See end of article about "biodiesel" process from hog waste.
  

• Andgar Corporation: Commercial Dairy Anaerobic Digester (http://cff.wsu.edu/News/press.html#digester) - Three dairies in Washington State will generate enough electricity to serve 180 average homes.
  

• New Energy Solutions (http://www.nesi.biz/) - has received grant to design and build a system to turn animal waste into hydrogen.
  

• Green Power from Chicken Litter (http://www.physorg.com/news5206.html) - Gas Technology Institute has successfully demonstrated that chicken litter can be gasified to produce hydrogen and generate electricity using a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC). Fertilizer also produced. (PhysOrg; July 15, 2005)
  

• E3 Biofuels (http://www.e3biofuels.com/index2.html) - Integrates three proven components into a single, closed loop system: an anaerobic digester that transforms animal wastes into biogas, an ethanol plant that operates on biogas from the digester and an on-site dairy/feedlot that uses the by-product of ethanol production (wet distiller grains) as the primary feed for the cattle.
  

• Bananas could power Aussie homes (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3604666.stm) - At present, much of Australia's annual banana crop goes to waste, because the fruit are too bruised or small. Bill Clarke, from the University of Queensland, predicts that an excess banana-fuelled power plant could power 500 homes. No prototype, early theoretical. (BBC, Australia; Aug. 27, 2004)
  

• Dairy starts milking manure for energy (http://www.sbsun.com/Stories/0,1413,208~12588~2539501,00.html) - Manure-powered generator in California turns cow waste into methane gas in 20 days to fuel daily operations at the dairy while reducing air and ground pollution. (San Bernardino Sun; Nov. 17, 2004)
  

• Waste to Energy Gets Kudos from Pork Industry (http://www.renewableenergyaccess.com/rea/news/story?id=21572) - Three major integrated manure management systems are paving the way for waste management in Western Canada by turning manure into usable by-products, such as methane, biogas and thermal energy. (Renewable Energy Access; Jan. 27, 2005)

• Orange Peels to Methanol for Florida Fuel Cell (http://www.renewableenergyaccess.com/rea/news/story?id=24225) - 10 KW fuel cell by ENER1 will use methanol created from Florida's two largest industries -- food waste from theme parks and orange peels from citrus processing. Prototype to power a rest area on an interstate highway. (Renewable Energy Access; March 28, 2005)
  

• BSE Cows to Energy (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/tees/3561186.stm) - SembCorp Utilities of UK has been given permission to process 100,000 tonnes of tallow per year for the generation of electricity. (BBC; Aug. 13, 2004) [Not an earth-friendly solution.]
  

• Charring peanut shells for hydrogen (http://www.fuelcellsworks.com/Supppage1559.html) - Patented technology converts biomass to hydrogen and charcoal for nitrogen-enriched fertilizer. (Fuel Cell Works; Nov. 21, 2004)
  

Government & Politics

• Canada joins EPA program (http://www.physorg.com/news5192.html) - Canada has become the 16th nation to join the U.S. EPA's Methane to Markets Partnership, an international initiative designed to promote the recovery and use of methane, prevent greenhouse gas emissions, and provide sources of clean energy to communities, businesses and industry. (PhysOrg; July 14, 2005)
  

Multi-Purpose

• Scientists develop portable generator that turns trash into electricity (http://pesn.com/2007/02/04/9500454_Purdue_Biorefinery/) - A group of scientists have created a portable refinery that efficiently converts food, paper and plastic trash into electricity. The machine, designed for the U.S. military, would allow soldiers in the field to convert waste into power and could have widespread civilian applications in the future. (PESN; Feb. 4, 2007)
  

• You Don't Need Oil to Make Fuel (http://www.opensourceenergy.org/C17/News%20Viewer/default.aspx?ID=1076) - Many things can be converted fuel, including crops, natural gas, waste, manure, and many other carbon-based substances. Coal can be turned to gas. Article by Governor Brian Schweitzer. (Truthout; Nov. 2005)
  

• Waste-to-Energy (http://www.freeenergynews.com/Directory/Waste2Energy/index.html) > TCP - Turning Waste into Oil (http://www.opensourceenergy.org/C17/News%20Viewer/default.aspx?ID=1023) - Two facilities are in operation which can take any material containing carbon (which is anything which has ever lived) and transmute it into a golden oil in just two hours. (American Energy Independence 2025; Nov. 2005)
  

• Agripower - Power From Trash (http://news.com.com/Portable+power+from+trash/2100-11392_3-6192538.html?tag=nefd.lede) - A company called AgriPower will begin production next year of a movable power generator fueled by a wide range of waste products, from walnut shells to discarded tires. (CNET; June 22, 2007)
  

• P-Fuel (http://www.palmbeachpost.com/accent/content/auto/epaper/editions/thursday/accent_041a515d064222440075.html) - Physicist patents garbage-to-gas substitute - Process extracts fuel from oat hulls, corn cobs, scrap paper, and any other kind of biomass you'd care to name, at estimated price of $1.80/gallon. (Palm Beach Post; May 13, 2004)
  

• University of Warwick Converting Sewage Waste into Power (http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/seta/2002/05/30/stories/2002053000090200.htm) - Dr. Ashok Bhattacharya and his team have cracked the problem of how to extract very pure levels of hydrogen from wet bio-matter, such as sewage or paper mill waste using a nanocrystalline catalyst. (The Hindu; May 30, 2004)
  

• Tractors Work on Waste at Hong Kong's Largest Landfill (http://www.planetark.com/envpicstory.cfm/newsid/27387)
  

Municipal Waste-to-Energy Research & Development

• Waste Water Plus Bacteria Make Hydrogen Fuel (http://peswiki.com/index.php/Directory:Penn_State_Microbial_Fuel_Cells_Produce_Hydrogen_from_Waste_Water) - Bacteria that feed on vinegar and waste water zapped with a shot of electricity could produce a clean hydrogen fuel to power vehicles that now run on petroleum. These microbial fuel cells can turn almost any biodegradable organic material into zero-emission hydrogen gas fuel. (PESWiki; Nov. 12, 2007)
  

• They're Recycling Their Brain Power (http://archive.parade.com/2004/1031/1031_scientists1.html) - An extraordinary group of retired scientists and engineers in Asheville, N.C., is working to solve the area’s environmental problems. (Parade; Oct. 31, 2004)
  

• BioMaxx Systems Inc (http://www.yubanet.com/artman/publish/article_14063.shtml) - Converting cellulosic biomass that is currently being abandoned or land filled into ethanol and other valuable co-products. Holds the worldwide license to a new fermentation process.
  

• New 'Digester' Converts Garbage to Energy (http://www.yubanet.com/artman/publish/article_14063.shtml) - University of California Davis prototype anaerobic digester to produce electricity, soil amendments for landscaping, and fiberboard for construction. (YubaNet; Oct. 7, 2004)
  

• Fuel Cell Converts Raw Sewage into Power (http://www.physorg.com/news1742.html) - Penn State University "microbial fuel cell" treats the water at the same time it generates electricity. (PhysOrg; Oct. 27, 2004)
  

• Wastewater Could Treat Itself, Power City (http://solaraccess.com/news/story?storyid=7601) - The energy stored in Toronto's municipal wastewater could be harnessed to run water treatment facilities and contribute power to the city grid. Studies under way. (Solar Access; Sept. 24, 2004)
  

• Plastic to Energy in Japan (http://home.fuse.com/gccrane/waste295.html) - "A consortium of public and private players is planning to build the nation's first power plant that burns waste plastic as fuel. Plastic waste from the Tokyo Metro area will make up half the feedstock and industrial waste wil make up the balance. Plastic will be pelletized before shipment to the plant in Iwaki City in northern Fukushima prefecture. The government likes to refer to this as 'thermal recycling' so it fits in with government plans to promote incinerators with energy generation capability. They also see it as a first step toward 90% plastic 'recycling' by the next century." (GMI';' Jan. 95)
  

• Carpet Discards to Energy (http://www.energyinfosource.com/dg/news.cfm?id=22615) - Shaw Industries plant in Georgia, US will produce steam energy from waste product. (EnergyInfoSource.com, Oct 7, 2004)
  

• Sewage treatment plants to help generate electricity (http://www.fuelcellsworks.com/Supppage1434.html) - California plants hope to generate enough to run their own operations and then some. (FuelCellWorks; Nov. 2, 2004)
  

• Cow manure to light up farming community (http://feeds.bignewsnetwork.com/?sid=0911c350996925b6) - Canadian farming community receives government funds to become the country's first municipality to be electrically powered by cow manure. (Big News Network, Canada; Oct. 26, 2004)
  

• DOJ Files Civil Action Against MagCorp for PCB Violations (http://pesn.com/2005/05/12/6900093_MagnesiumCorporation_of_America/) - Leading U.S. polluter, US Magnesium Corporation of Salt Lake City, has been on the EPA's list as the largest toxic air polluter in the country. Though it has improved, it is still significantly lacking. Local inventor said he demonstrated the successful burning of some of their emissions for energy and clean-up, but they declined to integrate the technique. (PESN; May 12, 2005)
  

Non-Energy Related

• Free-lunch foragers (http://www.latimes.com/news/printedition/front/la-na-freegan11sep11,1,7180517.story?ctrack=1&cset=true) - 'Freegans' (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeganism) are a growing subculture that has opted out of capitalism by cutting spending habits and living off consumer waste. (LA Times; Sept. 11, 2007)
  

• Tornado in a Can (http://msnbc.msn.com/id/4723367/) - pulverizes down to micrometer powder; demonstrates an "overunity" phenomenon. (MSNBC; April 26, 2004)
  

• Avantis (http://resource.invensys.com/avantis/guarantee/chem/home.htm) - "The chemical industry is experiencing rapidly increasing feedstock and energy costs, regulatory pressures, high volatility of raw material costs, employee downsizing and outsourcing, as well as concerns over foreign competition and geopolitical events. Fortunately, there’s Avantis -- today’s most effective enterprise asset management solution that can reduce the risk of implementation with pre-defined work processes and best practices. One specifically tailored to help chemical producers do more with less."
  

• Advanced Technology Feasibility Group (http://www.freeenergynews.com/Directory/Waste2Energy/ATFG/index.html) - Operational prototype converts refuse into building materials, including 2 x 4s studs, 2 x 6 etc, railroad ties, bricks, roofing shingles, culverts. Looking for investors.
  

• Diamond Z Manufacturing (http://www.diamondz.com/) - recycling and refuse handling machinery such as garbage grinders (useful for waste-to-energy projects).
  

• Enviro-Bricks (http://www.enviro-construction.net/) - "With the solid look of a brick home, and the environmentally responsible aspect of mass recycling, Enviro-Bricks provide the answer to a very critical worldwide need." R40 insulation.
  

• Flame Resistant Polycarbonate from Fly Ash (http://www.physorg.com/news1956.html) - NEC Corporation has developed a low energy consuming method of manufacturing a flame resistant polycarbonate using the by product of thermal power plants. (PhysOrg; Nov. 12, 2004)
  

Nuclear Waste to Energy

• Beta Voltaics (http://www.freeenergynews.com/Directory/BetaVoltaics/index.html) - Claim long duration power cells that convert radioactive materials to inert. Skeptic comments included.
  

• Cleaning Uranium Waste with Bacteria (http://www.pnl.gov/news/release.asp?id=175) - U.S. researchers have discovered that some common bacteria (Shewanella) can convert deadly heavy metal into less threatening nano-spheres; and that these bacteria can convert soluble radioactive uranium into a non-toxic solid form called uraninite. (Pacific Northwest National Laboratories; Aug. 7, 2006) (See [1] (http://science.slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=06/08/12/1713232Slashdot) discussion)
  

Patents

• Honda patents exhaust-heat-to-energy process (http://peswiki.com/index.php/Directory:Exhaust_Heat_Exchanger) - Honda has received a patent on an exhaust heat exchanger that harnesses the heat energy from the exhaust through a thermal exchange, which can then be converted into electrical energy through a thermal electric process or to drive a turbine/generator. (PESWiki; Aug. 21, 2006)
  

Plastics

• Polymer Energy LLC Turns Waste Plastics into Renewable Energy - The Polymer Energy™ system uses catalytic pyrolysis to efficiently convert plastics (primarily polyolefins) into crude oil. The system can handle as high as 30% impurities such as metals, glass, dirt, water, etc. in the feedstock, making pre-sorting, cleaning, or drying unnecessary, reducing overall operational costs.
  

• Waste Plastic Becomes Clean Burning Fuel (http://www.wasteplastictechnology.blogspot.com/) - Penn. State University has developed PlastoFuel pellets from dirty waste Agri-plastics. GR Technologies of Korea has patented burner converting same to alternative energy. (Blogspot; June 6, 2005)
  

• 'Plastic oil' could improve fuel economy in cars, chemists say (http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2005-06/acs-oc061305.php) - Recycled plastic bottles could one day be used to lubricate your car's engine. These polyethylene-derived oils could help improve fuel economy and reduce the frequency of oil changes. (EurekAlert; June 12, 2005)
  

Repurposing

• IBM Pioneers Process to Turn Waste into Solar Energy (http://www.physorg.com/news112942761.html) - IBM has developed a new semiconductor wafer reclamation process that uses a specialized pattern removal technique to repurpose scrap semiconductor wafers to a form used to manufacture silicon-based solar panels. (PhysOrg; Oct. 30, 2007)
  

Research & Development

• Scientists develop portable generator that turns trash into electricity (http://news.uns.purdue.edu/x/2007a/070201LadischBio.html) - $1 million later and they have the first portable refinery that efficiently converts food, paper and plastic trash into electricity. (Purdue University; Feb, 1 2007)
  

• CPD Process Turns Trash into Diesel Fuel - Green Power Inc has developed a catalytic pressureless depolymerization (CPD) process they call "NanoDiesel" that inexpensively converts biomass and municipal waste into high quality diesel fuel, which could solve the world's energy and waste problems at the same time, without upsetting the CO2 balance.
  

• US Military Investigating Fuel from Waste (http://www.technologyreview.com/Energy/19974/?nlid=767) - Diversified Energy (http://www.diversified-energy.com/) and Velocys (http://www.velocys.com/) are working together on a portable system that converts coal, natural gas, and biomass into diesel and jet fuel. The military could use the system to convert waste created at military bases--food scraps, paper, wood--into a fuel for military jets and vehicles.
  

• Waste Water Plus Bacteria Make Hydrogen Fuel - Bacteria that feed on vinegar and waste water zapped with a shot of electricity could produce a clean hydrogen fuel to power vehicles that now run on petroleum. These microbial fuel cells can turn almost any biodegradable organic material into zero-emission hydrogen gas fuel.
  

• Reincarnated material turns waste heat into power (http://technology.newscientist.com/article/dn13512-reincarnated-material-turns-waste-heat-into-power.html) - A major boost in the effectiveness of a material that transforms waste heat into electricity could significantly boost energy efficiency in anything from air conditioners to car engines. It is the first major improvement in such "thermoelectric" materials in 50 years, say researchers. (New Scientist; Mar. 20, 2008)
  

• Biofuels from Wood Chips (http://www.physorg.com/news100838926.html) - Three University of California campuses and West Biofuels LLC, will develop a prototype research reactor to make biofuels without food crops or microbial fermentation. It will use steam, sand and catalysts to efficiently convert forest, urban, and agricultural “cellulosic” wastes into alcohol that can be used as a gasoline additive. (PhysOrg; Jun. 12, 2007)
  

• Michaud Atmospheric Vortex Engine - Louis Michaud's atmosphere vortex engine would harness waste heat from power plants and other heat sources, creating a stationary tornado and capturing the rotational force.
  

More

If you know of a resource that is not included in the above site, feel free to post it here. (Click on the "edit" button next to the heading where you want to insert content.)

• Bios Fuel > Diesel Drives 3000 km on Water and Waste Oil (http://pesn.com/2007/11/07/9500457_BiosFuel_SolarChallenge/) - Bios Fuel Corporation of New Zealand drove a Toyota Landcruiser across the Australian Desert from Darwin to Adelaide, running a virtually unmodified diesel engine on 40% Water and 60% Waste Mineral oil as part of the Greenfleet Class of the Panasonic World Solar Challenge. (PESN; Nov. 7, 2007)
  

• Whaste Technology (http://www.whastetech.com/) - The REFLOW process accepts a stream containing organic materials, such as municipal liquid waste or industrial and agricultural streams and converts it into a renewable energy source. It can be used as a solid fuel or, with additional processing converted into a synthetic gas or liquid fuel. Only 20% to 30% of the energy produced is required to drive the process.
  

• Butanol via Gasification (http://www.greencarcongress.com/2007/06/energy_quest_to.html) - Energy Quest (http://www.syngasinternational.com/) announced plans (http://www.stockhouse.com/news/news.asp?newsid=5560305&tick=EQST) to produce butanol via gasification and catalytic conversion of coal and waste biomass, using its fluidized bed gasifier and PyStR (Pyrolysis Steam Reforming) process. Butanol is an alcohol with advantages over ethanol, that can be used in unmodified gas engines. (Green Car Congress; Jun. 11, 2007)
  

• QuestAir Makes First Sale into European Biogas Market (http://www.greencarcongress.com/2007/01/questair_makes_.html) - QuestAir Technologies (http://www.questairinc.com/) has received an order for a pressure swing adsorption system to recover pipeline grade methane from biogas generated by the anaerobic digestion of organic wastes. There is growing interest across the EU in the use of renewable methane to replace imported natural gas and CNG transportation fuel. (Green Car Congress; January 24, 2007)
  

• Ze-gen (http://www.ze-gen.com/) - Developer of waste gasification technology which converts construction and demolition waste and municipal solid waste into near zero-emissions synthetic natural gas and electrical energy. Integrates commercially proven technology sub-systems into a modular design using molten bath gasification.
  

• Scientists develop portable generator that turns trash into electricity (http://pesn.com/2007/02/04/9500454_Purdue_Biorefinery/) - A group of scientists have created a portable refinery that efficiently converts food, paper and plastic trash into electricity. The machine, designed for the U.S. military, would allow soldiers in the field to convert waste into power and could have widespread civilian applications in the future. (PESN; Feb. 4, 2007)
  

• Ozmotech (http://www.ozmotech.com.au/) - ThermoFuel technology recovers synthetic diesel fuel from waste plastic for less than 30 cents (http://www.wme.com.au/categories/waste_managemt/feb6_05.php) per litre. Already in operation in Japan for power generators, the new process produces a superior quality road fuel suitable for all types of diesel engines. European contracts have been signed with Ozmo Energy (http://www.ozmoenergy.com/en/), Cynar (http://www.cynarplc.com/) and EnvoSmart (http://www.envosmart.com/2006/uk/default.php?page=58).
  

• Trash to fuel gets 2nd shot (http://www.wyomingnews.com/articles/2007/02/11/news/local_news/02local_02-11-07.prt) - The KDV-500 catalytic pressureless depolymerization technology by Germany's AlphaKat (http://www.alphakat.de/Welcome/welcome.html) is claimed to turn trash into diesel fuel in 3 minutes. It uses catalysts in crystallic form in a high speed turbulence system with a production cost of 0.23 €/l. (WyomingNews; Feb. 10, 2007)
  

• Poo Power : N-Viro Fuel Tested in Coal-Fired Plant (http://www.waterandwastewater.com/www_services/news_center/publish/article_001221.shtml) - N-Viro International (http://www.nviro.com/) successfully tested a blend of coal and N-Viro Fuel at a major power generation facility. N-Viro Fuel is a biomass fuel that has physical and chemical characteristics similar to coal. It is created from municipal waste or manure utilizing alkaline stabilization and mechanical drying. (Water and Wastewater.com; Mar. 8, 2007) (Thanks Keelynet (http://www.keelynet.com/))
  

• BioPetrol (http://www.bio-petrol.com/) - Developing a process of low temperature thermochemical conversion of municipal sewage sludge into oil. It can also process agri-wastes, bagasse, pulp and paper residues, tannery sludge and other end-of-life products such as plastics, tires and the organics in municipal solid waste.
  

• Enerkem (http://www.enerkem.com/) - Enerkem's technology enables the chemical recycling of waste into high value, market-ready fuels and chemicals such as methanol, ethanol and synthetic diesel. Gasification is conducted using air or oxygen as partial oxidation agent for the desired synthetic gas composition.
  

• Quadrise Canada (http://www.quadrisecanada.com/) - an alternative liquid fuel system called MSAR™ Multiphase Superfine Atomized Residue, which can be burned as an efficient energy source in many industrial applications. Uses bitumen and heavy residue feedstock. Ideal disposal method for refinery residue products.
  

• GreenFuel Technologies (http://www.greenfuelonline.com/technology.htm) Emissions-to-Biofuels™ (E2B™) process harnesses photosynthesis to grow algae, capture CO2 and produce high-energy biomass. Retrofitting fossil-fi